The Sociology of Mental Illness

The Sociology of Mental IllnessWithin this report I aim to outline the biomedical mannequin, investigating whether it sewer be use to assess rational unwellness. I leave comp atomic number 18 both(prenominal) neighborly realism and kindly constructionism with regards to mental illness and assess the role of the psychiatrical profession from the mintpoint of functionalist theory.Firstly, the biomedical model is the scientific diagnosis of a condition which is r individuallyed by quantitative and qualitative measures, often disregarding mental and sociological factors. That world said, can the biomedical model of health rightfully measure a persons mental health? Many mental health issues often assimilate un measurable (scientifically) factors and symptoms, often having blurred lines between a common set of factors making it hard to distinguish between a select group of illness. In 1952 the American psychiatric association promulgated the D.S.M. (Diagnostic and Statist ical Manual of Mental Disorders) which clearly outlined the symptoms and forcefulnesss of a range of mental illness. Since its first publication, the D.S.M. has grown from featuring 22 mental disorders, to overviewing over 297 diagnosable issues.While at that place be no standardized medical laboratory tests to diagnose mental health issues (bar those classed as organic AND functional mental illness, which derive from brain impairment such as Alzheimers etc.), these will come into play during diagnosis to ensure there is no otherwise causation for the patients symptoms. In theory these investigative measures can be mootd to be the biomedical involvement for the diagnosis (in respect to solely functional mental illness such as depression etc.). The key players now would be the psychologist, psychiatrist and trained mental health professionals who are medically provide to diagnose such issues.While the biomedical hail focuses itself on acquaintance and the causations being ob jective and measurable, the theory of lay opinion coverts the ideology of kindly construction, economical factors and neighborly conformity. Lay opinion focuses on behavioural patterns and socio-economical enter upon a persons life, and the subsequent impact these have upon their mental state. This theoretical approach can be realisen as highly influential when determining a service users mental state, the practiti wholenessrs diagnosis being based upon observations of an individuals behavioural characteristics which fit to the D.S.M and I.C.D. (international classification of diseases). Again, despite the highly theoretical methodology which leads to diagnosis, within these methods we see standardized tests and assessments, which can in fact be construed as scientific as they set about to differentiate between normal and anomalous using a standardized set of questions and observational directives.There are arguments from either side as to the theoretical basis of psychiatry, on one establish Thomas Szasz famously quoted Its not science. Its governance and economics. Thats what psychiatry is politics and economics. Behavior control, it is not science, it is not medicine (cchrint.org, 2017) Szasz believed that the practice of psychiatry was all told influenced by the state, creating a mass of quacks diagnosing with free reign. He argued that there were two radically different kinds of psychiatric practices, consensual and coerced, voluntarily seek and forcibly imposed. (Szasz.com, 2007) his concept was that psychiatry based itself upon the principle of interpretation and genial conformity or a service users behaviour. As mentioned before questions of obsession and imposition upon a patient undergoing assessment take the forefront in Szasz arguments, giving his ideals a typically Marxist approach. More recently the newest variance of the D.S.M. came under fire from the psychiatric community with a number of high-profile articles by professor Allen Frances. (that) highlighted changes to the manual that he argued were examples of over-medicalisation of mental health. These changes included Aspergers syndrome, Disruptive mode dysregulation disorder, Mild cognitive disorder, Generalised anxiety disorder and Major depressive disorder (NHS, 2013).While all arguments for the objective and subjective thesis of psychiatry have their merits, it can be argued that psychiatry as a whole can ONLY be deemed subjective as it uses no scientific model of approach to diagnosis, merely perception, opinion and guidance from the D.S.M and I.C.D. to decipher traits and categorize symptoms.The complaisant realism perspective defines mental illness and the diagnosis of, as having a defined set of abnormal behavioural patterns which can be definitively seen across cultures and societies. Realists argue that despite the fact some illnesses are not recognized or share a common name, the symptoms and actual condition are very much real and observabl e. That being said, on the other hand we have the perspective of loving construction, where by its theorists argue that mental illness is determined by social norms and values.For instance, the mental impairment of post-natal depression. Social realists would argue that the definitive set of symptoms being displayed by the suffering party, would be teeming to determine effect. Constructionists however would argue that the individual could be presenting these symptoms due to their social environment and ideologies of social norms. Due to the nature of the illness, and its unpredictable effect on the individual either of these theories could be applied.Because of the set of diagnosable characteristics and cross association definition, realists could argue that despite its irregularity surrounding time frame, its cause and eventual(prenominal) effect can be clearly categorised without outside in format. That being said, constructionists can argue that the illness is purely defined b y social perception of norms. As the illness can take shape both instantaneously and over a prolonged period of time, the cause and effect could actually be influenced by sociological and environmental issues experienced by the individual, causing stress and ultimately the effects and symptoms of post-natal depression to take hold.The functionalist view of the psychiatric role is one of spacious social standing and stead within the community and society as a whole. Due to their organisational position and social hierarchy, they, as a medical professional, hold great stature and ranking within the framework of functionalist society.Because functionalism bases itself on the premise that each key part (the church, institutions, the family) work together to keep society ravel smoothly, deriving its ideologies from social consensus it is their view that the role of the psychiatrist is primarily cause by the desire to heal the sick (Moore et al, 2010)Because functionalism focuses on c ategorising mental and tangible illness as social deviances due to the upset of balance and roles, they put great importance on the timely rehabilitation and re signifier of individuals.They view the rehabilitation of individuals as necessary coercion so as not to upset social structure. As psychiatrists hold the key to diagnosis of mental health and subsequent re conformity of an individual to social norms, a great precedence is put upon their work.References Jeffrey A. Schaler, Ph.D defining psychiatry, 2007 available at http//www.szasz.com/freeman21.html accessed 20/1/17Moore, S. et al sociology AS for OCR chapter 5 sociology of health page 172, Collins, London, 2010NHS Choices news analysis controversial mental health disembowel DSM-5, 2013 available at http//www.nhs.uk/news/2013/08August/Pages/controversy-mental-health-diagnosis-and-treatment-dsm5.aspx accessed 20/1/17Professor Thomas Szasz Psychiatry as a Human Rights Abuse, 2017 avaliable at https//www.cchrint.org/about- us/co-founder-dr-thomas-szasz/quotes-on-psychiatry-as-a-human-rights-abuse/ accessed 20/1/17

Alpine Plant Biodiversity in the Central Himalayas

alpine Plant Biodiversity in the primeval Himalayasalpine Plant Biodiversity in the ex switch everyplace Himalayan sh atomic number 18 attitude of Global temper repositionSummary gain in come in temperature at orbiculate master has already bear on a diverse set of physiological and biological schemes in many move of the sphere and if it pluss at this rapid come in then the particularize would be beat one could digest ever thought off. Garhwal Himalaya, major surgical incision of the keen Himalayan the great unwashedous system is too much clear and assailable to the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic, theatrical consumptional and spheric changing temper. Due to strong altitudinal gradient, transplant over climaticalalal specifys and diverse set of industrial go belowl and faunal fundamental law, the touch on of humour swop seems to be much ut intimatelyer(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal). This paper high schoollights many impo rtant features of the changing convening of botanyal composition, distri plainlyion and impact of humor inter multifariousness on the phenological sight of major alpine embed species present in the Garhwal Himalayan piece. It in any case memorialises cumulative lurchs, which operate at local train provided ar globally pervasive. These cumulative switchs see assortment in the trim back c oer/ sphere use and other anthropogenic activities, which argon associate to the humour change. Overall biodiversity in the Himalayan contribution has been depleted as the consequences of labyrinthine and multitude pressure of modality change. The depleted biodiversity has indirectly strikeed the socio- sparing organic evolution of the local communities on which their sustenance depends and is inherently critical to the good bequeath and guidance of inherent re c flushedit.IntroductionPlant diversity and StatusThe varied altitudinal, climatic and topographical conditi ons in the Himalaya takingss in distinct types of micro home grounds. Geographic isolation, glaciations, ontogeny and migration of the species in the past all together stir contri simplyed to the high take of biodiversity in this mountain system. As per genetic, species and ecosystem level resources, Himalaya is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the world, which represents slenderly tenth of the worlds k instantaneouslyn species of high tallness localize and animal species. n aboriginal split in the Himalayan expanse ar center for offset of many crystallise fors and fruit species and ar important source of gene for their ferine relatives. The floral diversity of this region shows assemblage of many endemic and st regulate species of installs from the beside regions. A grand number of tungstenern Himalayan flora in the Garhwal Kumaon region seems to have been invaded from Tibet, western China and bordering northeastward Asia (Rau, 1975).In the presen t scenario biodiversity seems to have been depleted in these regions collect to land degradation, habitat fragmentation, increasing population pressure, over exploitation of bio-resources and finally callable(p) to the changing designing of the mood. Nearly 10% of efflorescence corrects are listed chthonic heterogeneous categories of threaten species. Red Data Book of Indian plants listed closely 620 endanger species, of which, 28 are presumed extinct, 124 endangered, 81 vulnerable, 160 rare and 34 insufficiently k right off (Nayar and Sastry, 1987, 1988), however, Red list of menace plants indicates 19 species as extinct. Among others, 1236 species are listed as threatened, of which, 41 taxa are possibly extinct, 152 endangered, 102 vulnerable, 251 rare and 690 of obscure locating (IUCN, 1997). From the Himalayan region the important plant species included in threatened categories are al to the highest degreely the valuable medicinal and reminiscent plants, which, av er the economic condition and health care system of the local communities.It is wellhead known that, in the context of the present scenario of climate change in particular due to global warming many of the high-elevated ecosystems are badly raw and vulnerable. Their kickshaw whitethorn accelerate the changes occurring in their composition and structure to the slight variations in climatic factors. These regions include glacier, alpine pasture/ hayfields and pure tone distinguish ecosystem, which are the important source of the durational runoff, fresh water, valuable medicinal and evocative plants, lay out land, source of timber and wild edibles for the mankind.Future scenario of climate change check to the troika judgment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on modality metamorphose (IPCC) 2001, average global temperature close to the earths surface has incrementd by 0.6 C 0.2 C since 19th century mainly due to the outpouring of carbonic acid gas. If valet being s do not act to reduce the present level of CO2 there will be additional increment in temperature of 1.4 C to 5.8 C in the next 40 100 year. menses development available on the aim of future day climate change done General Circulation Models (GCMs) suggested that the yearbook think up warming would ontogenesis to a greater extent or less 3C in the ten dollar bill of 2050s and just about 5C in decade of the 2080s over the land region of Asia. Precipitation would profit per annum about 7% and 11% in decades of 2050s and 2080s respectively. There would be a right in the spend hurriedness that seems in all probpower to be over the central part of arid and semi-arid Asia. GCM as well showed high scruple in future projection of overwinter and summer precipitation over southbound Asia, be bring on much of tropical Asian climate is noticeably associated with the yearbook monsoon rhythm method. In Central Himalayan region, through with(predicate) and through with(p redicate) the appraisal of people perceptual experience it is construe that, climate change resulted in the addition in warming, decline in rainwater during March- May, high rainfall during Aug- Sept instead of universal top out in July- Aug, decline in the hoodwinkfall intensity and winter precipitation in Jan-Feb instead of Dec-Jan (Saxena et al., 2004). This scenario buns hardly trigger to remember about the changing pattern of climate or its banish and affirmative impacts at local, regional and global level.Although assessment of future climate change scenario through around of scientific models postulate a better bag and high technological inputs, specific impact of climate change on some(prenominal)(predicate) ecosystems posterior be discerned by comprehensive studies on wide precondition monitoring of the different purviews of ecosystem which is lacking in the Indian context peculiarly in the Garhwal Himalayan region due to lamentable base and counse ling drills. So, as per as need concern in these a office sphere of influences the assessment of impact on the life standardized resources in future climate changes screw be done through the site-specific sensitivity analysis and it can be related to the traditionalistic friendships of the peoples biography in this particular region of the Himalaya. sensitiveness analysis would help to assess what will be pass off if several(a) climatic variables changed, and analysis in worry manner evaluates the positive or negative impacts of changing climate on the indispensable resources. This assessment would help us to make the local communities realize the importance of conservation and management practice so that the endangered and threatened species could be saved from becoming extinct. judging of picture and adaptive capacity of the various ecosystems and to develop indigenous knowledge base coping mechanism are important to determine the impact of climate change. This a lso links the ecological processes to the social processes and appreciates the relationship in the midst of the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. mode change touch on on different vegetation partition off born(p) ecosystems at high ski tows are much more bleak to the climatic variations (Ramakrishnan et al., 2003) or global warming then the managed systems. Their sensitivity is conspicuously attributed to their hold productivity during degree centigrade-free increase eon (Price et al., 2000), low dispersal capability, geographically localized, genetically impoverished, highly specialized and slow reproducing ability of the high lift plants (McNeely, 1990 WWF, 2003). As a consequence of global warming the present statistical dispersal of species in high elevated railroad ecosystems projected to put forward high as results of upward(a)ly altitudinal movement of the vegetation belts. Although the rate of vegetation change is pass judgment to be slow and colo nization advantage would depend on the ability of adaptation and interaction of the plant species with the climate and other associated species, weeds, foreign and trespassing(a) species. Their success also depends on their ecological niche comprehensiveness and their role in the ecosystem functioning. accession in the temperature would result competition amid such(prenominal) species and new arrivals. As the result, species which have wide ecological permissiveness have an advantage to adapt and those which are at the edge of range, genetically impoverished, poor dispersal ability and reproducer are under the threshold of extinction.A probably impact of climate change is also pursued over the phenological aspect of vegetation in the alpine, sub alpine and timber line geographical partition off. Changes in the pattern of snowfall and snowmelt in these mountain regions and increase in mean annual surface temperature has pronounce impact on the date and clip of the skin r ash and other phenophases of veritable valuable, keystone species of plants. Earlier snowmelt simulate early anthesis in round early growing plants and possibly increase in surface temperature may separate out the growing end and productivity of certain heater species in the cooler climatic region. There is a dilatory decrease in the growing period from timber line to the snow line, Rawat and Pangtey, (1987) describe about 20 weeks growing period near timberline and barely 4-6 weeks above 5000 m asl. Thus, increase in the average temperature due to global warming the growing period of the vegetation would be seems to extend at high superlatives. Evidences of climate change through people lore in Garhwal Himalaya reveals that increase in the warming results decline in the soften of orchard apple tree fruits and shortening the maturity period of winter crops, whereas, the product of gold crops wish well potato, peas and kidney beans under warm condition increases. Cha nge in rainfall pattern, snowfall intensity will increase large mortality and slander to the crops, which are close to the maturity on the other hand, Barley and chaff crop production is severely affect due to winter precipitation in calendar months of Jan- Feb (Saxena et al., 2004).Vulnerability of different vegetation belts in the Garhwal Himalaya.Dominant guide species in the low and mid superlative regulate have a wider range of distribution. genus Shorea robusta the climax species of unhorse tip is distributed over wet to modify broadleaf bio-climates in central India where temperature is much higher composition rainfall is quite low. genus Quercus spp. the climax species at mid raising is also distributed over a wide range (1100- 1800m) The mid pinnacle which is surmountd by broad leaves and coniferous tone (Rao, 1994) mainly species of Quercus spp. and genus Pinus spp. on response to the warming may be replaced by the species like Shorea robusta and Termina lia spp. Warming also increases the chance of greater ignition gamble in dry or moist broad-leafed forests, these impacts on the forest can directly influence the local livelihood establish on fuel and fodder (Ramakrishnan et al. 2003).Rhododendron arboreum is a very turgid forest species because of its red flowers contending almost the whole canopy. At higher covers this species apply to meet peak inflorescence stage in February / March but now due to warming bloom time in this species seems to shift in the months of January/February. The phenological calendar at lower altitude has thus shifted to the higher altitudes. use up times of leaf fall, flushing, flowering and fruiting may exchange depending upon the elevation indicating sensitivity of phenophases to temperature and moisture stress regime. develop and fruiting leap out previous about a month with increase in elevation by 600 m (increase in temperature by 2.4 degree C) in Rhododendron arboreum, genus Prunus c erasoides, genus Myrica esculenta, Pyrus Pashia and Reinwardtia indica in Central Himalaya. Leafless period in deciduous species like Aesculus indica and genus Alnus nepalensis is longer at higher altitude as compared to lower altitude. At higher elevation (1500-3300m) in Central Himalaya, evergreen and winter deciduous species occur equally crosswise the elevation/temperature gradient. solely crossways the elevation / temperature gradient, majority of tree species show untried flowering. Species showing vernal flowering (before 15 June) increased in frequency and those with aestival flowering ( mingled with 15 June 15 kinfolk) decreased with increase in annual temperature drown based on the elevation gradient. Thus, change in the temperature would affect flowering and fruiting time of different species or also induce change in species composition.Vegetation of the timberline in different parts of world not only differs in price of species composition but also exhibit different types of species (Crawford, 1989). In some regions the timberline represents exclusively evergreen conifers while in some it represents all told deciduous broad-leaved trees (Purohit, 2003). In the central Himalaya the genus Betula utilis, correct pindrow and Rhododendron campanulatum, are the indigene species of timberline (Rawal and Pangtey, 1993), and have a complex, spatial habitat and generator of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild edibles. During youthful past, timberline, the most prominent ecological boundary in the Himalaya where the sub-alpine forests terminates, has been identified as delicate zone to environmental change and could be effectively modeled / monitored for future climate change processes.The species from tree-line have a narrow range of distribution, as temperature optima for most of these species is higher than the temperature in their natural habitats, warming will be expect to promote their harvest-festival but they may be thre atened if they cave in to compete with the changing climatic conditions (Saxena et al., 2004). Due to the over exploitation and changing global climatic condition many of the medicinal and aromatic plants in and around the timberline shrunk in size and distribution from their natural habitats and some of them are listed rare, threatened and endangered. Besides, the herbs some tree species of the timberline across the western Himalaya viz. Taxus baccata, Betula utilis and so on are also face sever threats of depletion (Purohit, 2003). Most of the species valued by local communities have a poor soil seed bank, there could be large-scale local extinction of these species if seed production on a adorn scale decline (Saxena et al., 2004).Swan (1967) identified two parts of the alpine region i.e. above timberline (Lower alpine zone 300 -4000 masl) and higher alpine zone (4000 masl snowline). Grasses and sedges are dominating members of alpine vegetation at lower altitude but they are characteristically replaced by non- sedgelike eclipse plant species at higher altitude near snowline. The area neighboring(a) above timberline and zone of stunted trees shrubs marks the alpine scrub. The vegetation of the lower alpine zone consists of dwarf shrubs, cushionoid herbs, grasses and sedges, Salix, genus Rosa, Lonicera, Ribes, Cotoneaster and genus Berberis and so on make water the major shrub species at lower alpine zone (Kala et. al., 1998). The nonwoody flora of this zone represent spectacular array of mixed flowers and include many short period growing bicycle plant species. The major herbs of this zone are genus Potentilla, Geranium, Fritillaria, Lilium, Corydalis, Cyananthus, Anemone, genus Ranunculus, and Impatiens etc.The vegetation of the higher alpine zone is rather sparse, dotted with moraines, boulders and rocky slopes forming suitable habitat for the patches of shrubs e.g. Rhododendron lepidotum, genus Juniperus spp. Betula utilis and many species of colourful flowering plants, grasses and sedge etc. In the alpine with the flak of summer, the physical condition of the every patches of ground undergoes constant change, this is the reconcile cause for the instability and succession of plants. Another feature of alpine plant distribution is that in the same habitat one could see the growth of several related or unrelated species and only one species dominate in the entire habitat almost to the exclusion of the other species. This variance may be due to the Physico- chemical properties of the soil. Initiation of growing season depends on the intensity of snowfall in the proceeding season and pop off of the warming of snow during spring (April May).In alpine region flowering is started during the month of May in some species, but in most of the species flowering occurs during June to late July and it goes up to early August (Nautiyal et al., 2001). Jennifer A. Dunne et al. (2003) reported that in experimental condition, inc reasing 2C average soil temperature during the growing season for every two weeks of earlier snowmelt flowering time is ripe(p) by 11 day in the sub-alpine region. Senescence at partnership level was gradually starts from July to September depending on the growth cycle of the plant species in Central Himalaya (Nautiyal et al., 2001). However in a study conducted by Zhang and Welker (1996) in Tibetan Tundra alpine the community senescence, which actually starts in September was postponed until October under warmer condition and stimulates the growth of grasses. It indicates that the warmer condition as result of increase CO2 enrichment extend the growing period and increase in the grass productivity and distribution may suppress the growth of forbs, shrubs (Zhang and Welker, 1996), similarly the valuable medicinal plants also touch on (Ramakrishnan et al., 2003). It is possible that timber productivity in the high altitudes/ longitudes could increase as result of climate change, b ut it could take decades to occur and the newly form forests habitats are likely to obtain lower level of native biodiversity due to loss of species that are unavailing to cope and some species will become more grand and wide distributed (Alward et. al., 1999)Biotic attack is another important cause of change in the geographical distribution of the plant species, which is derived or accelerated by the global change. Elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and effectiveness of exotic grasses and their shift in species composition mainly control by global change has dominance to accelerate fire cycle and may reduce biodiversity (Smith et al, 2000). The water use efficiency due to increase atmospheric CO2 can allow increase in potential distribution of Acacia nilotica spp. indica in Australia and increase temperature favour its reproductive life cycle (Kriticos et al, 2003). As the glaciers are receding at a fast rate the newly formed moraine belt is an excellent area to study the invasion of plants from the coterminous mountains and pastures.In recent several land uses and land rights of the high altitude is decay due to the glacier melting, avalanches and land slides, which favour to extend the distribution of genus Polygonum polystachyum, a fast growing herb, is mostly bring on impudently scoured slopes, past camping sites, river banks and avalanche tracks (Kala et. al., 1998). The other successful invaders found in these habitats are species of Lonicera and Berberis followed by Rosa and Ephedra. Increase temperature may results higher pathogen survival rate and most of the plant species will be severely threatened due to bird louse, pest and fungal disease.To the changing climate, plants can respond following possible ways firstly no change in their species composition but change in productivity and biogeochemical cycle. Secondly, evolutionary adaptation to the new climatic condition either through plasticity (i.e. shift in phenology) or through genetic response. Followed by exile to the new areas, as warming observed in the alpine has been associated with upward movement of some plant taxa by 1-4 meter per decade on mountain tops and loss of some taxa that formally were cut back to higher altitude (Grabherr et.al., 1994). Ultimately, they may undergo extinction (Bawa and Dayanandan 1998, Ramakrishnan et al.2003). Most of the plant species changes over time through the process of succession, with pioneer species preparing the way for others, identifying the species present, the physical forms plant takes and the area they occupied are the way for observing change. All the changes involve dynamic and that are difficult or impossible to predict, natural ecosystems in this regard serve as a kind of natural laboratory, where natural mechanisms of change such as change in climatic condition and change in the feature of physical and biological systems observe practically. take away management strategies need to dev eloped in such a way that it may have to find a new fit between traditional conservation and maintenance of biodiversity and other ecosystem functioning. military issue on the vegetationUpward movement of the vegetation belt. It result change in the pattern of structure and distribution of many valuable plant species, lessening in the area of severely sensitive ecosystem like high altitude pastures, snow cover peaks and important glaciers.Changes in the phenology of some plant species, which include change in time of flowering and seed formation.Changes in the habitat, which is fortunate for new alien weedy and invasive species.Increases fire risk in the sub-moderate and temperate dry deciduous and pine forests.Increases productivity of some grass species from the high altitude regions.Adverse impact on the timber production of forest.Effect on the agro-systemChanges the pattern and time of cropping.Shortening the maturity period of some winter crops, which are traditionally impo rtant constituent of mountain agriculture.Increase in the pathogen survival rate and crops are more pliable to pest, insect and fungal diseases.Decline in the yield productivity of some traditional crops whereas increasing temperature may also be favour the productivity crops like wheat.Decline in the yield of some horticultural fruits which needs demoralize effect for their fruit development as seen in sheath of orchard apple tree fruit production.Uncertain high precipitation leads to destruction of crop productivity during flowering, seed formation and maturation time.Effect on natural systemAccelerate intensity of glacier melting.Reduces area under snow cover and changes the time of snowmelt and snowfall at high-elevated ecosystems.Adverse impact on the seasonal runoff, freshwater availability.Increases the incident of landslides in mountains, drought condition and sever overeat condition at lowland regions.Soil properties and process like native be decomposition, leachin g and soil-water relation were influenced by increase temperature.Socio-economic conditions of the humankind severely affectedReduction in the area of pasture adversely affect the local pastoral rescue, as most of the local livestock of the transhumant and adjoining lowland peoples depends on the high altitude pastures in Garhwal in the summer season.Impact on the timber, medicinal plants and agriculture in the high altitude region in some extent gives negative results to the related industries.thriftiness through the hydropower generation is affected.Change in the social culture of the peoples living at high altitude regions, i.e. the time of the migration of the transhumant in Garhwal in recent affected due to the adverse climatic conditions. Which also affect their source of economy like agriculture, wool based occupation etc.Changes were also seen in the health conditions of the people living in high altitude, peoples of these regions now more worried about the heat stresses, v ector borne diseases, respiratory, eye derangement etc.Status of many endangered wildlife fauna in the Himalayan region affected, and changes in the behavioural and seasonal migration of the animal species can be possible. duck Distribution of some major plant species at different altitudinal belt of Garhwal Himalaya.Altitude (m asl)Plant species500- 1400Shrubs Zizyphus xylopyrus, Woodfordia fructicosa, Trees Rhododendron arboreum, Shorea robusta, genus Dalbergia sisso, Acacia catechu, Adina cardifolia, Terminalia, cassia fistula, genus Mallotus philippensis, Bombax ceiba.Agele,1500-2400Herbs Clematis montana, Anemone rivularis, A. obturiloba, Ranunculus hirtellus, genus Thalictrum chelidonii,Barbarea vulgaris, silene indica, Malvia verticillata, Geraanium nepalense, genus Fragaria indica, Potentilla fulgens Epilobium pulustre,Bupleurum falcatum, Aster peduncularis, A. thomsonii, , Gentiana aprica etc.Shrubs Prunus cornuta, Rosa macrophylla, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Woodfordia fructic osaTrees Rhododendron arboreum, Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sisso, Acacia catechu, Pinus roxburghii,P. wallichiana, Quercus leucotricophora, Q. semecarpifolia, Adina cardifolia,2500- 3400Herbs Anemone rivularis, A. obturiloba, Ranunculus hirtellus, Thalictrum chelidonii, T. minus, T. elegans, Aquilegiaa pubiflora, genus Caltha palustris Clematis montana, Clematis barbellata, Delphinium vestitum, genus Podophyllum hexandrum, Corydalis cornuta, Arabis nova, Viola canescens, Silene edgeworthii, S. Indica, Stellaria monosperma, Geranium collinum, G. himalayense, genus Trigonella emodi, genus Geum roylei, Potentilla fruticosa, P. fulgens, P. gelida, P. leuconota, P. polyphylla etc.Grasse Sedge Carex cruciata, Agrostis pilosula,Poa supina, P. alpina, Danthonia.Shrubs Cotoneaster macrophylla, Cotoneaster acuminatus, Lonicera, Salix, Rubus foliolosus, spirea bella, Berberis glaucocarpa, Myricaria bracteata, Skimmia laaureola, Astragallus candolleanus, Rosa macrophylla. Ribes himalense,Trees Betula utilis, Taxus baccata, Rhododendron campanulatum, Alnus nitida, A. nepalensis, Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Acer ceasium, Junipers3500-4400Herbs Cypridium elegans*, C. himalaicum, Epipogium aphyllum, Dactylorrhiza hatagirea, Listera tenuis, Neottianthe secundiflora, Aconitum balfouri, A. falconeri, A. heterophyllum, A. violaceum, Ranunculus pulchellus, Thalictrum alpinum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Acer caesium*, Meconopsis aculeate, Corydalis sikkimensis, Megacarpaea polyandra, Astragallus himalayanus, Nardostachys graandiflora*, Picrorhiza kurrooa*, Pleurospermum angelicoides, genus Saussurea costus*, S. obvallata, angelica glauca, Ribes griffithii, Lonicera asperifolia, Waldhemia tomentosa, Primula glomerata, Arnebia benthamii, Geranium pratense, Impatiens thomsonii, I. racemosa, Dioscorea deltoidea*, Allium humile, A. stracheyi*, A. wallichi, clintonia udensis, Thamnocalamus falconeri, Orobanche alba, Sedum ewersii, S. heterodontum,Pimpnella diversifolia , Morina longifoliaGrasse Sedge genus Elymus thomsonii, Agrostis munroana, Calamagrostis emodensis, Danthonia cachemyriana, Festuca polycolea, Poa pagophila, Stipa roylei, Carex infuscate, C. nivalis, Kobresia royleana, K. duthei etc.Shrubs Cotoneaster duthiana, Cotoneaster acuminatus Hippophae tibetana, Rosa sericea, Sorbus macrophylla, S. ursine, Rhododendron anthopogon,Trees Sorbus aucuparia, Cedrus deodara, Betulla utilis,4500- aboveHerbs Oxygraphis glacialis, Ranunculus pulchellus,Corydalis bowerii, madwort canescens,Draba altaica, Silene gonosperma, Potentilla sericea, Sedum bouverii, Saussurea obvallata, S. simpsoniana, Christolea himalayensisLiterature citedRau, M. A. (1975). uplifted altitude flowering plants of west Himalaya. BSI, Howrah, India, pp.214.Singh, D. K. and Hajra, P. K., in Changing Perspectives of Biodiversity Status in the Himalaya (eds Gujral, G. S. and Sharma, V.), British Council Division, British High Commission, Publ. Wildlife Youth Services, New Delhi , 1996, pp. 23-38.Dunne, J.A., Harte, J. and Taylor, K. (2003). Sub alpine Meadow Flowering Phenology Responses To mood Change Integrating Experimental And Gradient Methods, Ecological Monographs 73 (1), pp. 69-86.IPCC (2001). Climate Change-2001 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Kriticos, D.J., Sutherst, R.W., Brown, J.K., Adkings, S.W. and Maywald, G.F. (2003) Climate Change and The capability Distribution of an Invasive Alien Plant Acacia nilotica ssp.indica in Australia, journal of use Ecology, 40 111-124.Nautiyal, B.P., Prakash, V and Nautiyal, M.C. (2000). Structure And Diversity Pattern on An altitudinal Gradient In An Alpine Meadow Of Madhyamaheshwer, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Indian daybook of environmental Science 4(I). 39- 48.Nautiyal, M.C., Nautiyal, B.P. and Prakash, V. (2001). Phenology And Growth Form Distribution In An Alpine surf At Tungnath, Garh wal Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 21, No. 2, 177-183.Price, M.V. and Waser, N.M. (2000). Responses of sub alpine meadow vegetation to four year of experimental warming. Ecological ApplicatiAlpine Plant Biodiversity in the Central HimalayasAlpine Plant Biodiversity in the Central HimalayasAlpine Plant Biodiversity in the Central Himalayan Region Perspective of Global Climate ChangeSummaryIncrease in surface temperature at global scale has already affected a diverse set of physical and biological systems in many parts of the world and if it increases at this rapid rate then the condition would be worst one could have ever thought off. Garhwal Himalaya, major part of the great Himalayan mountainous system is also much sensitive and vulnerable to the local, regional and global changing climate. Due to strong altitudinal gradient, varied climatic conditions and diverse set of floral and faunal composition, the impact of climate change seems to be much higher. This pap er highlights some important features of the changing pattern of vegetational composition, distribution and impact of climate change on the phenological aspect of major alpine plant species present in the Garhwal Himalayan region. It also shows cumulative changes, which operate at local level but are globally pervasive. These cumulative changes include change in the land cover/ land use and other anthropogenic activities, which are related to the climate change. Overall biodiversity in the Himalayan region has been depleted as the consequences of complex and multitude pressure of climate change. The depleted biodiversity has indirectly affected the socio-economic development of the local communities on which their sustenance depends and is inherently critical to the consideration and management of natural resource.IntroductionPlant diversity and StatusThe varied altitudinal, climatic and topographical conditions in the Himalaya results in different types of microhabitats. Geographic isolation, glaciations, evolution and migration of the species in the past all together have contributed to the high level of biodiversity in this mountain system. As per genetic, species and ecosystem level resources, Himalaya is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the world, which represents about one-tenth of the worlds known species of high altitude plant and animal species. Some parts in the Himalayan region are center for origin of many crops and fruit species and are important source of gene for their wild relatives. The floral diversity of this region shows assemblage of many endemic and exotic species of plants from the adjoining regions. A large number of western Himalayan flora in the Garhwal Kumaon region seems to have been invaded from Tibet, western China and adjoining north-east Asia (Rau, 1975).In the present scenario biodiversity seems to have been depleted in these regions due to land degradation, habitat fragmentation, increasing population pressure, over exp loitation of bio-resources and finally due to the changing pattern of the climate. Nearly 10% of flowering plants are listed under various categories of threatened species. Red Data Book of Indian plants listed about 620 threatened species, of which, 28 are presumed extinct, 124 endangered, 81 vulnerable, 160 rare and 34 insufficiently known (Nayar and Sastry, 1987, 1988), however, Red list of threatened plants indicates 19 species as extinct. Among others, 1236 species are listed as threatened, of which, 41 taxa are possibly extinct, 152 endangered, 102 vulnerable, 251 rare and 690 of indeterminate status (IUCN, 1997). From the Himalayan region the important plant species included in threatened categories are mostly the valuable medicinal and aromatic plants, which, support the economic condition and health care system of the local communities.It is well known that, in the context of the present scenario of climate change especially due to global warming many of the high-elevated e cosystems are severely sensitive and vulnerable. Their fragility may accelerate the changes occurring in their composition and structure to the slight variations in climatic factors. These regions include glacier, alpine pasture/ meadows and timber line ecosystem, which are the important source of the seasonal runoff, freshwater, valuable medicinal and aromatic plants, grazing land, source of timber and wild edibles for the mankind.Future scenario of climate change According to the Third Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001, average global temperature close to the earths surface has increased by 0.6 C 0.2 C since 19th century mainly due to the emission of CO2. If human beings do not act to reduce the present level of CO2 there will be additional increment in temperature of 1.4 C to 5.8 C in the next 40 100 year. Current information available on the pattern of future climate change through General Circulation Models (GCMs) suggested that the an nual mean warming would increase about 3C in the decade of 2050s and about 5C in decade of the 2080s over the land region of Asia. Precipitation would increase annually about 7% and 11% in decades of 2050s and 2080s respectively. There would be a decline in the summer precipitation that seems likely to be over the central part of arid and semi-arid Asia. GCM also showed high uncertainty in future projection of winter and summer precipitation over south Asia, because much of tropical Asian climate is noticeably associated with the annual monsoon cycle. In Central Himalayan region, through the assessment of people perception it is interpreted that, climate change resulted in the increase in warming, decline in rainfall during March- May, high rainfall during Aug- Sept instead of normal peak in July- Aug, decline in the snowfall intensity and winter precipitation in Jan-Feb instead of Dec-Jan (Saxena et al., 2004). This scenario can hardly trigger to think about the changing pattern of climate or its negative and positive impacts at local, regional and global level.Although assessment of future climate change scenario through some of scientific models needs a better infrastructure and high technological inputs, specific impact of climate change on different ecosystems can be discerned by comprehensive studies on long term monitoring of the different aspects of ecosystem which is lacking in the Indian context especially in the Garhwal Himalayan region due to poor infrastructure and management practices. So, as per as need concern in these remote areas the assessment of impact on the natural resources in future climate changes can be done through the site-specific sensitivity analysis and it can be related to the traditional knowledges of the peoples living in this particular region of the Himalaya. Sensitivity analysis would help to assess what will be happen if various climatic variables changed, and analysis also evaluates the positive or negative impacts of cha nging climate on the natural resources. This assessment would help us to make the local communities realize the importance of conservation and management practice so that the endangered and threatened species could be saved from becoming extinct. Assessment of vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the various ecosystems and to develop indigenous knowledge based coping mechanism are important to determine the impact of climate change. This also links the ecological processes to the social processes and appreciates the relationship between the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.Climate change Impact on different vegetation zoneNatural ecosystems at high elevations are much more sensitive to the climatic variations (Ramakrishnan et al., 2003) or global warming then the managed systems. Their sensitivity is prominently attributed to their limited productivity during snow-free growing season (Price et al., 2000), low dispersal capability, geographically localized, genetically impove rished, highly specialized and slow reproducing ability of the high altitude plants (McNeely, 1990 WWF, 2003). As a consequence of global warming the present distribution of species in high altitude ecosystems projected to shift higher as results of upward altitudinal movement of the vegetation belts. Although the rate of vegetation change is expected to be slow and colonization success would depend on the ability of adaptation and interaction of the plant species with the climate and other associated species, weeds, exotic and invasive species. Their success also depends on their ecological niche width and their role in the ecosystem functioning. Increase in the temperature would result competition between such species and new arrivals. As the result, species which have wide ecological tolerance have an advantage to adapt and those which are at the edge of range, genetically impoverished, poor dispersal ability and reproducer are under the threshold of extinction.A likely impact of climate change is also observed over the phenological aspect of vegetation in the alpine, sub alpine and timberline zone. Changes in the pattern of snowfall and snowmelt in these mountain regions and increase in mean annual surface temperature has pronounce impact on the date and time of the flowering and other phenophases of certain valuable, keystone species of plants. Earlier snowmelt simulate early flowering in some early growing plants and possibly increase in surface temperature may extend the growing period and productivity of certain grass species in the cooler climatic region. There is a gradual decrease in the growing period from timberline to the snow line, Rawat and Pangtey, (1987) reported about 20 weeks growing period near timberline and barely 4-6 weeks above 5000 m asl. Thus, increase in the average temperature due to global warming the growing period of the vegetation would be seems to extend at high altitudes. Evidences of climate change through people perception in Garhwal Himalaya reveals that increase in the warming results decline in the yield of apple fruits and shortening the maturity period of winter crops, whereas, the production of cash crops like potato, peas and kidney beans under warm condition increases. Change in rainfall pattern, snowfall intensity will increase large-scale mortality and damage to the crops, which are close to the maturity on the other hand, Barley and wheat crop production is severely affected due to winter precipitation in months of Jan- Feb (Saxena et al., 2004).Vulnerability of different vegetation belts in the Garhwal Himalaya.Dominant tree species in the low and mid altitude zone have a wider range of distribution. Shorea robusta the climax species of lower elevation is distributed over moist to dry deciduous bio-climates in central India where temperature is much higher while rainfall is quite low. Quercus spp. the climax species at mid elevation is also distributed over a wide range (1100- 1800m) The m id altitude which is prevail by broad leaves and coniferous forest (Rao, 1994) mainly species of Quercus spp. and Pinus spp. on response to the warming may be replaced by the species like Shorea robusta and Terminalia spp. Warming also increases the chance of greater fire risk in dry or moist deciduous forests, these impacts on the forest can directly influence the local livelihood based on fuel and fodder (Ramakrishnan et al. 2003).Rhododendron arboreum is a very prominent forest species because of its red flowers covering almost the whole canopy. At higher elevations this species used to attain peak flowering stage in February / March but now due to warming flowering time in this species seems to shift in the months of January/February. The phenological calendar at lower altitude has thus shifted to the higher altitudes. Exact times of leaf fall, flushing, flowering and fruiting may vary depending upon the elevation indicating sensitivity of phenophases to temperature and moistu re stress regime. Flowering and fruiting start earlier about a month with increase in elevation by 600 m (increase in temperature by 2.4 degree C) in Rhododendron arboreum, Prunus cerasoides, Myrica esculenta, Pyrus Pashia and Reinwardtia indica in Central Himalaya. Leafless period in deciduous species like Aesculus indica and Alnus nepalensis is longer at higher altitude as compared to lower altitude. At higher elevation (1500-3300m) in Central Himalaya, evergreen and winter deciduous species occur equally across the elevation/temperature gradient. All across the elevation / temperature gradient, majority of tree species show vernal flowering. Species showing vernal flowering (before 15 June) increased in frequency and those with aestival flowering (between 15 June 15 September) decreased with increase in annual temperature drown based on the elevation gradient. Thus, change in the temperature would affect flowering and fruiting time of different species or also induce change in s pecies composition.Vegetation of the timberline in different parts of world not only differs in terms of species composition but also exhibit different types of species (Crawford, 1989). In some regions the timberline represents exclusively evergreen conifers while in some it represents totally deciduous broad-leaved trees (Purohit, 2003). In the central Himalaya the Betula utilis, Abies pindrow and Rhododendron campanulatum, are the native species of timberline (Rawal and Pangtey, 1993), and have a complex, spatial habitat and reservoir of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild edibles. During recent past, timberline, the most prominent ecological boundary in the Himalaya where the sub-alpine forests terminates, has been identified as sensitive zone to environmental change and could be effectively modeled / monitored for future climate change processes.The species from tree-line have a narrow range of distribution, as temperature optima for most of these species is higher than the temperature in their natural habitats, warming will be expected to promote their growth but they may be threatened if they fail to compete with the changing climatic conditions (Saxena et al., 2004). Due to the over exploitation and changing global climatic condition many of the medicinal and aromatic plants in and around the timberline shrunk in size and distribution from their natural habitats and some of them are listed rare, threatened and endangered. Besides, the herbs some tree species of the timberline across the western Himalaya viz. Taxus baccata, Betula utilis etc. are also facing sever threats of depletion (Purohit, 2003). Most of the species valued by local communities have a poor soil seed bank, there could be large-scale local extinction of these species if seed production on a landscape scale decline (Saxena et al., 2004).Swan (1967) identified two parts of the alpine region i.e. above timberline (Lower alpine zone 300 -4000 masl) and higher alpine zon e (4000 masl snowline). Grasses and sedges are dominating members of alpine vegetation at lower altitude but they are characteristically replaced by non- grassy dwarf plant species at higher altitude near snowline. The area immediate above timberline and zone of stunted trees shrubs marks the alpine scrub. The vegetation of the lower alpine zone consists of dwarf shrubs, cushionoid herbs, grasses and sedges, Salix, Rosa, Lonicera, Ribes, Cotoneaster and Berberis etc. form the major shrub species at lower alpine zone (Kala et. al., 1998). The herbaceous flora of this zone represent spectacular array of multicolored flowers and include many short period growing cycle plant species. The major herbs of this zone are Potentilla, Geranium, Fritillaria, Lilium, Corydalis, Cyananthus, Anemone, Ranunculus, and Impatiens etc.The vegetation of the higher alpine zone is rather sparse, dotted with moraines, boulders and rocky slopes forming suitable habitat for the patches of shrubs e.g. Rhodo dendron lepidotum, Juniperus spp. Betula utilis and many species of colourful flowering plants, grasses and sedge etc. In the alpine with the onset of summer, the physical condition of the every patches of ground undergoes constant change, this is the root cause for the instability and succession of plants. Another feature of alpine plant distribution is that in the same habitat one could see the growth of several related or unrelated species and only one species dominate in the entire habitat almost to the exclusion of the other species. This difference may be due to the Physico- chemical properties of the soil. Initiation of growing season depends on the intensity of snowfall in the proceeding season and start of the melting of snow during spring (April May).In alpine region flowering is started during the month of May in some species, but in most of the species flowering occurs during June to late July and it goes up to early August (Nautiyal et al., 2001). Jennifer A. Dunne et al. (2003) reported that in experimental condition, increasing 2C average soil temperature during the growing season for every two weeks of earlier snowmelt flowering time is advanced by 11 day in the sub-alpine region. Senescence at community level was gradually starts from July to September depending on the growth cycle of the plant species in Central Himalaya (Nautiyal et al., 2001). However in a study conducted by Zhang and Welker (1996) in Tibetan Tundra alpine the community senescence, which actually starts in September was postponed until October under warmer condition and stimulates the growth of grasses. It indicates that the warmer condition as result of increase CO2 enrichment extend the growing period and increase in the grass productivity and distribution may suppress the growth of forbs, shrubs (Zhang and Welker, 1996), similarly the valuable medicinal plants also affected (Ramakrishnan et al., 2003). It is possible that timber productivity in the high altitudes/ longi tudes could increase as result of climate change, but it could take decades to occur and the newly form forests habitats are likely to retain lower level of native biodiversity due to loss of species that are unable to cope and some species will become more abundant and widely distributed (Alward et. al., 1999)Biotic invasion is another important cause of change in the geographical distribution of the plant species, which is derived or accelerated by the global change. Elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and dominance of exotic grasses and their shift in species composition mainly driven by global change has potential to accelerate fire cycle and may reduce biodiversity (Smith et al, 2000). The water use efficiency due to increase atmospheric CO2 can allow increase in potential distribution of Acacia nilotica spp. indica in Australia and increase temperature favour its reproductive life cycle (Kriticos et al, 2003). As the glaciers are receding at a fast rate the newly formed moraine belt is an excellent area to study the invasion of plants from the adjacent mountains and pastures.In recent several land uses and land covers of the high altitude is eroded due to the glacier melting, avalanches and land slides, which favour to extend the distribution of Polygonum polystachyum, a fast growing herb, is mostly found on freshly eroded slopes, past camping sites, river banks and avalanche tracks (Kala et. al., 1998). The other successful invaders found in these habitats are species of Lonicera and Berberis followed by Rosa and Ephedra. Increase temperature may results higher pathogen survival rate and most of the plant species will be severely threatened due to insect, pest and fungal disease.To the changing climate, plants can respond following possible ways firstly no change in their species composition but change in productivity and biogeochemical cycle. Secondly, evolutionary adaptation to the new climatic condition either through plasticity (i.e. sh ift in phenology) or through genetic response. Followed by emigration to the new areas, as warming observed in the alpine has been associated with upward movement of some plant taxa by 1-4 meter per decade on mountain tops and loss of some taxa that formally were restricted to higher altitude (Grabherr et.al., 1994). Ultimately, they may undergo extinction (Bawa and Dayanandan 1998, Ramakrishnan et al.2003). Most of the plant species changes over time through the process of succession, with pioneer species preparing the way for others, identifying the species present, the physical forms plant takes and the area they occupied are the way for observing change. All the changes involve dynamic and that are difficult or impossible to predict, natural ecosystems in this regard serve as a kind of natural laboratory, where natural mechanisms of change such as change in climatic condition and change in the feature of physical and biological systems observe practically. Appropriate management strategies need to developed in such a way that it may have to find a new balance between traditional conservation and maintenance of biodiversity and other ecosystem functioning.Effect on the vegetationUpward movement of the vegetation belt. It result change in the pattern of structure and distribution of many valuable plant species, Reduction in the area of severely sensitive ecosystem like high altitude pastures, snow cover peaks and important glaciers.Changes in the phenology of some plant species, which include change in time of flowering and seed formation.Changes in the habitat, which is favourable for new alien weedy and invasive species.Increases fire risk in the sub-temperate and temperate dry deciduous and pine forests.Increases productivity of some grass species from the high altitude regions.Adverse impact on the timber production of forest.Effect on the agro-systemChanges the pattern and time of cropping.Shortening the maturity period of some winter crops, which are t raditionally important constituent of mountain agriculture.Increase in the pathogen survival rate and crops are more susceptible to pest, insect and fungal diseases.Decline in the yield productivity of some traditional crops whereas increasing temperature may also be favour the productivity crops like wheat.Decline in the yield of some horticultural fruits which needs chilling effect for their fruit development as seen in case of Apple fruit production.Uncertain high precipitation leads to destruction of crop productivity during flowering, seed formation and maturation time.Effect on Physical systemAccelerate intensity of glacier melting.Reduces area under snow cover and changes the time of snowmelt and snowfall at high-elevated ecosystems.Adverse impact on the seasonal runoff, freshwater availability.Increases the incident of landslides in mountains, drought condition and sever flood condition at lowland regions.Soil properties and process like organic matter decomposition, leachin g and soil-water relation were influenced by increase temperature.Socio-economic conditions of the humankind severely affectedReduction in the area of pasture adversely affect the local pastoral economy, as most of the local livestock of the transhumant and adjoining lowland peoples depends on the high altitude pastures in Garhwal in the summer season.Impact on the timber, medicinal plants and agriculture in the high altitude region in some extent gives negative results to the related industries.Economy through the hydropower generation is affected.Change in the social culture of the peoples living at high altitude regions, i.e. the time of the migration of the transhumant in Garhwal in recent affected due to the adverse climatic conditions. Which also affect their source of economy like agriculture, wool based occupation etc.Changes were also seen in the health conditions of the people living in high altitude, peoples of these regions now more worried about the heat stresses, vecto r borne diseases, respiratory, eye disorder etc.Status of many endangered wildlife fauna in the Himalayan region affected, and changes in the behavioural and seasonal migration of the animal species can be possible.Table Distribution of some major plant species at different altitudinal belt of Garhwal Himalaya.Altitude (m asl)Plant species500- 1400Shrubs Zizyphus xylopyrus, Woodfordia fructicosa, Trees Rhododendron arboreum, Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sisso, Acacia catechu, Adina cardifolia, Terminalia, Cassia fistula, Mallotus philippensis, Bombax ceiba.Agele,1500-2400Herbs Clematis montana, Anemone rivularis, A. obturiloba, Ranunculus hirtellus, Thalictrum chelidonii,Barbarea vulgaris, Silene indica, Malvia verticillata, Geraanium nepalense, Fragaria indica, Potentilla fulgens Epilobium pulustre,Bupleurum falcatum, Aster peduncularis, A. thomsonii, , Gentiana aprica etc.Shrubs Prunus cornuta, Rosa macrophylla, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Woodfordia fructicosaTrees Rhododendron arboreum, Sh orea robusta, Dalbergia sisso, Acacia catechu, Pinus roxburghii,P. wallichiana, Quercus leucotricophora, Q. semecarpifolia, Adina cardifolia,2500- 3400Herbs Anemone rivularis, A. obturiloba, Ranunculus hirtellus, Thalictrum chelidonii, T. minus, T. elegans, Aquilegiaa pubiflora, Caltha palustris Clematis montana, Clematis barbellata, Delphinium vestitum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Corydalis cornuta, Arabis nova, Viola canescens, Silene edgeworthii, S. Indica, Stellaria monosperma, Geranium collinum, G. himalayense, Trigonella emodi, Geum roylei, Potentilla fruticosa, P. fulgens, P. gelida, P. leuconota, P. polyphylla etc.Grasse Sedge Carex cruciata, Agrostis pilosula,Poa supina, P. alpina, Danthonia.Shrubs Cotoneaster macrophylla, Cotoneaster acuminatus, Lonicera, Salix, Rubus foliolosus, Spiraea bella, Berberis glaucocarpa, Myricaria bracteata, Skimmia laaureola, Astragallus candolleanus, Rosa macrophylla. Ribes himalense,Trees Betula utilis, Taxus baccata, Rhododendron campanulatum, Alnus nitida, A. nepalensis, Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Acer ceasium, Junipers3500-4400Herbs Cypridium elegans*, C. himalaicum, Epipogium aphyllum, Dactylorrhiza hatagirea, Listera tenuis, Neottianthe secundiflora, Aconitum balfouri, A. falconeri, A. heterophyllum, A. violaceum, Ranunculus pulchellus, Thalictrum alpinum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Acer caesium*, Meconopsis aculeate, Corydalis sikkimensis, Megacarpaea polyandra, Astragallus himalayanus, Nardostachys graandiflora*, Picrorhiza kurrooa*, Pleurospermum angelicoides, Saussurea costus*, S. obvallata, Angelica glauca, Ribes griffithii, Lonicera asperifolia, Waldhemia tomentosa, Primula glomerata, Arnebia benthamii, Geranium pratense, Impatiens thomsonii, I. racemosa, Dioscorea deltoidea*, Allium humile, A. stracheyi*, A. wallichi, Clintonia udensis, Thamnocalamus falconeri, Orobanche alba, Sedum ewersii, S. heterodontum,Pimpnella diversifolia, Morina longifoliaGrasse Sedge Elymus thomsonii, Agrostis munr oana, Calamagrostis emodensis, Danthonia cachemyriana, Festuca polycolea, Poa pagophila, Stipa roylei, Carex infuscate, C. nivalis, Kobresia royleana, K. duthei etc.Shrubs Cotoneaster duthiana, Cotoneaster acuminatus Hippophae tibetana, Rosa sericea, Sorbus macrophylla, S. ursine, Rhododendron anthopogon,Trees Sorbus aucuparia, Cedrus deodara, Betulla utilis,4500- aboveHerbs Oxygraphis glacialis, Ranunculus pulchellus,Corydalis bowerii, Alyssum canescens,Draba altaica, Silene gonosperma, Potentilla sericea, Sedum bouverii, Saussurea obvallata, S. simpsoniana, Christolea himalayensisLiterature citedRau, M. A. (1975). High altitude flowering plants of west Himalaya. BSI, Howrah, India, pp.214.Singh, D. K. and Hajra, P. K., in Changing Perspectives of Biodiversity Status in the Himalaya (eds Gujral, G. S. and Sharma, V.), British Council Division, British High Commission, Publ. Wildlife Youth Services, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 23-38.Dunne, J.A., Harte, J. and Taylor, K. (2003). Sub alpine Meadow Flowering Phenology Responses To Climate Change Integrating Experimental And Gradient Methods, Ecological Monographs 73 (1), pp. 69-86.IPCC (2001). Climate Change-2001 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Kriticos, D.J., Sutherst, R.W., Brown, J.K., Adkings, S.W. and Maywald, G.F. (2003) Climate Change and The Potential Distribution of an Invasive Alien Plant Acacia nilotica ssp.indica in Australia, Journal of Applied Ecology, 40 111-124.Nautiyal, B.P., Prakash, V and Nautiyal, M.C. (2000). Structure And Diversity Pattern Along An Altitudinal Gradient In An Alpine Meadow Of Madhyamaheshwer, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Indian Journal of Environmental Science 4(I). 39- 48.Nautiyal, M.C., Nautiyal, B.P. and Prakash, V. (2001). Phenology And Growth Form Distribution In An Alpine Pasture At Tungnath, Garhwal Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 21, No. 2, 17 7-183.Price, M.V. and Waser, N.M. (2000). Responses of sub alpine meadow vegetation to four year of experimental warming. Ecological Applicati

Response to Hip-hop Feminism

Response to pat FeminismLet Me Blow Your nous Response to belt FeminismIn Let Me Blow Your head takeer Hip cut Feminist Futures in Theory and Praxis, Lindsey explores the origins of whack feminism, its analogy to sick feminism(s), and its application to urban cultivation. She in addition challenges the centralization of the African American manlike aspect in rap by focusing on the disconsolate and browned girls and womens, transgender people of colors, and queer people of colors lived make loves. In this essay, I will examine the social mise en scene of the writer, how she describes current realities, how she epitome these realities, her vision and strategy for the future, and how the historical contacts affects this guess. I will end by sharing how this theory has relevance to my own life.Dr. Treva Lindsey is currently a professor at the Ohio State University in the Womens, sex, and Sexuality Studies de lead offment. She received her Bachelor of liberal arts fr om Oberlin College and her Masters and Ph.D. from Duke University. She specializes in downhearted feminist theory, womens history, and popular culture studies on with work in critical persist and gender theory, sexual politics, and African diaspora studies (Treva Lindsey). Lindsey is a self-described diva feminist, which she describes as being audacious, vibrant, passionate, and fierce in her consignment to eradicating racism, poverty, sexism, homophobia, religious intolerance, and other forms of socio-historical, political, and cultural oppression and exploitation (Lindsey), who is pronounceed by bare feminist theory, knock feminism, and her position as an African American woman in academia.In her publication, Lindsey states that women and girls non only play an intrinsical role in the formation and sustaining of hip-hop culture(s) but also win distinct point of views, perspectives, and interventions into one of the most powerful cultural movements of late-twentieth and early-21st centuries (Lindsey 53). This approximation is the constitute of hip-hop feminism that argues these contributions and perspectives are ignored or exploited by hip-hop culture. Lindsey describes several(prenominal) key suppositious interventions of hip-hop feminismincluding legal transfer wreck, kinetic orality, sonic pleasure, percussive resistance, and Black girl standpoint theory (Lindsey 55) to challenge the devaluation of womens and girls engagement with hip-hop (Lindsey 53). This devaluation benefits the African American male perspective in hip-hop which, as hip-hop feminism has argued against, has led to permeant sexism and misogynismin rap practice of medicine (Lindsey 62).Lindsey starts her analysis of this reality by first exploring the relationship, and the differences, between Black feminism(s) and hip-hop feminism. She explains that there are corporal and discursive differencesbetween second-wave Black feminists and women of the hip-hop generation (Lin dsey 56). While two feminisms address sexism and the patriarchy, Black feminists do not believe it is possible to understructure a feminist epistemology in a movement where sexism and misogyny thrive. Hip-hop feminism argues for a feminism that considers the messiness and lived contradictions of human experience (Lindsey 56), more(prenominal) as the women who participate in a culture such as hip-hop, to better understand the reality of women and girls. Lindsey describes this argument perfectly stating if we do not take seriously the pleasure girls and women derive from music, even misogynistic and sexist music, we lose an opportunity to theorize the complexities of women and girls pleasure and enjoyment (Lindsey 63). The analysis continues with her challenging the African American male as the subject of hip-hop. As stated, she used the theoretical interventions of bringing wreck, kinetic orality, sonic pleasure, percussive resistance, and Black girl standpoint theory to argue Black and brown womens and girls roles in creating and sustaining hip-hop culture. Activities such as hand-games, Double-Dutch, and childhood chants are ways girls learn to preform feed and gender, while constructing a musical Blackness, that then becomes a pivotal part of hip-hop (Lindsey). However, this musical Blackness is also vilified in the hip-hop society as shown by Lindseys twerking example. The co-optation of twerking coupled with its decontextualized deployments in mass media also mirrors histories of cultural appropriation, hyper-sexualization of Black women and girls, and the demonization and devaluation of Black cultural forms and social practices performed by Black people (Lindsey 60).While Lindsey never explicitly states her vision, it is clear that she wants hip-hop to move away from the misogyny and sexism it is known for and for women and girls to both develop refreshful music and to think critically about the music they listen to. She discusses hip-hop educati on as a possible strategy to address these concerns. Its been shown that the hard lyrics and images of rap music were secondary to the beat of the music for the girls, even as the girls critiqued the music for its derogatory content (Love 91). This means that teaching women and girls media literacy will stand by them recognize the misogyny and sexism in music but not percentage point them from enjoying the genre which may lead to more of these women and girls to either move towards music, in the same genre, that is less or not misogynistic or to create music that does not have these themes of misogyny. Creation of new music in the hip-hop genre is where hip-hop education can play an important role. Brown argues that we do not hear Black girls or their truths because their sound is at best misunderstood, and at worst, framed as problematic. According to Brown, the tonality of Black girls is the core of their expressivity, but often receives admonishment because of its juxtapositi on to acceptable performances of girlhood (Lindsey 61). almost hip-hop education organizations, such as Saving Our Lives Hear Our Truths (SOLHOT), beseech that grown-ups not tell Black girls to quiet downto experience Black girls unique voices and articulations (Lindsey 62). Giving blank space for these girls to think critically about the messages some them and to develop their own voice and sound will enable them to settle the serviceman and music around them in ways they could not before.Hip-hop feminism has its roots in the hip-hop movement of the late 20th century and Black feminism(s). In 1999, when cultural critic and journalist Joan Morgan coined the depot hip-hop feminist, she did not imagine how instrumental her framing of her standpoint as someone simultaneously rooted in both hip-hop and Black feminism(s) would be for the emergence of the scholarly subfield, women in hip-hop (Lindsey 55). Lindsey uses hip-hop feminism to analyze women and girls contributions to the hip-hop genre, to challenge the centering of the African American male perspective in hip-hop, and to suggest possible ways to change the misogyny and sexism in the genre. Hip-hop feminism was created when women of the hip-hop generation felt Black feminism(s) did not apply to their lives because it did not view them as both empowering and problematic. This context created what Morgan called a functional feminism that focused on the unique lives and experiences of the women of the hip-hop generation.Unfortunately, I could not discuss every topic Lindsey addressed in this response. I chose to focus on Lindseys descriptions of musical Blackness and hip-hop education because those ideas have the most relevance to my current time and location. As a science educator, I am passionate about minority delegation in and access to the sciences. I want the content I teach to be accessible to anyone who walks into my classroom but that is only possible if I ensure my classroom environment is s afe for everyone. There are several aspects of hip-hop education that I could bring into my classroom, such as experience Black girls unique voices and articulations (Lindsey 62) as it applies to scientific discovery and inquiry, that would make the space more welcoming to students. By applying hip-hop feminist pedagogy to my classroom, I could help students see themselves as scientists.Lindsey uses hip-hop feminism to challenge the idea that the subject of hip hop is the African American male and to inform educational techniques to empower girls of color. While the theory itself does not have much relevance to my life, its application in the classroom could help me introduce the world of science to students in a way that is enjoyable. Hip-hop feminism may be generationally specific with a focus on critical race theory but it is applicable to many situations as Lindsey showed by applying it to both the hip-hop community, the classroom, and violence against transgender and queer indi viduals.Work CitedLindsey, Treva. Blog post. A diva Feminist. Blogger.com, 30 Apr. 2009. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. .Lindsey, Treva. Let Me Blow Your Mind Hip Hop Feminist Futures in Theory and Praxis. Urban Education. 50.1 (2015) 52-77. Web.Love, Bettina. Hip hops lil sistas let the cat out of the bag Negotiating hip hop identities and politicsin the New South. Peter Lang. 2012.Treva Lindsey. Womens Gender and Sexuality Studies. N.p., 5 Feb. 2015. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. .

Role of Communication in Health and Safety

Role of confabulation in wellness and SafetyDIANE PARSONSTABLE OF table of contents1. Explore the role of confabulations teaching in the promotion provision of health ripety in the growplace. scallywag 22. Outline the principles procedures of skillful house-keeping in the body of run low. rascal 33. Noise, remains and fumes ar hazards which atomic number 18 commonly found in piece of works. For wholeness of these hazards describe the risk associated with exposure to this hazard and date measures which might be used in the workplace. Identify at least(prenominal) 3 hazards which ar commonly encountered in your workplace and briefly describe how these ar controlled. Page 454. Explain the typical contents of a first-aid kit their allot uses.Page 65. Explain the risks associated with the following hazards work environment, work charges, medication, alcohol, drugs and outline for each, travel which an employer might take to control these risks (please pr ovide at least 2 controls per hazard).Page 786. Outline risk factors in sexual intercourse to health, to include stress/ lifestyle/ diet/ unhealthiness.Page 910ReferencesPage 111. look THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATIONS TRAINING IN THE PROMOTION PROVISION OF wellness SAFETY IN THE deceasePLACE.The role of communications and training in the work place is consequential in any job. In Healthc are in that location is no exception to this. Under the Safety, Health and Welfare at hold up Act 2005 (SHWWA 2005) all employers mustiness specify the training inwrought to ensuring the health and safety of their employees. The training provided will help cater achieve the necessity skills, knowledge and attitudes needed to interpret that they are competent in the health and safety features of their work. In healthcare the Conformity European (CE) mark is important and a lot of employers train their supply to look out for this. Communication in the workplace is essential as is training an d the Health divine service Executive (HSE), Health Service Authority (HSA) and Health Information prime(a) Authority (HIQA) are at that place to ensure that the SHWWA 2005 and the General Application Regulations 2007 (GAR 2007) are in place in the workplace. It is important from commission to staff that communication is enforced in the workplace for health safety. For instance if on that point was a spillage in a nursing home in the corridor and there was a sign put in place to warn others of this the management could rest in ease knowing that their staff are conscious and capable of ensuring health safety practices in the workplace. That is just one track of communicating there are many more ways I ask listed a few below.(Course Notes 2015)Verbal speaking, face to face hearingNon Verbal texting, email, notice board, fax, registered mail, skypeDemo/TrainingFocus groupgroup discussion callEmergency procedureswww.google.com / tell apart acrosss2. OUTLINE THE PRINCIPLES P ROCEDURES OF GOOD HOUSE-KEEPING IN THE WORKPLACE.The importance of good house-keeping is so important Healthcare and in particular Nursing Homes and Hospitals which are all about health and the well-being of patients. If a workplace practises frightful house-keeping it piece of tail become unsafe and even hazardous for the staff and patients. clutter up and untidy areas, spills and leaks and broken and damaged equipment are all signs of poor house- keeping.An case of sad house-keeping could be a fire exit left obstruct and a fire breaking out in the work place, this bad house-keeping endangers everybody in the work place and it is up to the employers and employees to avoid incidents like this. bestow places need to outline the principles procedures of good house-keeping to all employers and employees. The workplace needs to be actively monitoring the process of house-keeping within the workplace. HIQA and HSA have certain standards on house-keeping and have an inspection syst em in place. roughly benefits of good house-keeping areGood housekeeping prevents accidents such as slips, trips and fallsMake the workplace happy, enjoyable and safeImprove and support your partnerships image (good housekeeping echoes a well-run company) order and routine will impress visitors, employees and clients etceteraReduce the risk of accidents or harmful materials i.e. dust, vapoursHelp your company make the most and benefit the best out of its work space.In house-keeping there are 5S, this is a method of work organised in 5 stages with the goal of considerably improving the order and cleanliness in the workplace. This is cognise as the Heidelberg Model.These 5S areSORT- removing anything unnecessary and disposing of it properlySTRAIGHT- set things in order, favourable to findSHINE- keep work place clean and safeSTANDARD- note high standards in house-keeping and maintain orderlinessSUSTAIN- to keep in work order, to perform regular audits(www.hsa.ie)3. NOISE, DUST A ND FUMES ARE bet onS WHICH ARE unremarkably FOUND IN WORKPLACES. FOR ONE OF THESE HAZARDS OUTLINE THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO THIS HAZARD AND CONTROL MEASURES WHICH MIGHT BE USED IN THE WORKPLACE. IDENTIFY AT LEAST 3 HAZARDS WHICH ARE COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN YOUR WORKPLACE AND in short DESCRIBE HOW THESE ARE CONTROLLED.A hazard is anything that has the potential to cause you or others harm. In the workplace there are many hazards. There are 5 categories of hazardsPhysical, Mechanical, Biological, Chemical and physo societal.(Course Notes 2015)Fumes would be a major hazard, the risks associated with this are life threatening. They would be physical and chemical hazards. The risks of fumes evict come from gas leaks, chemical fumes etc. Some of the risks associated with fumes are they hind end cause serious illness, death, over exposure can deport to long term health problems, gas leaks can cause explosions. The control measures for this hazard would be storing chemicals away in proper storage areas, a carbon dioxide alarm and when handling dangerous substances always wear your person-to-person Protective Equipment (PPE). Making sure all chemicals are Classification, labelling and packaging (CLP) and a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is available and up to date. (www.google.com/image)In healthcare hazards are all likewise common but they must be identified and control measures must be put in place. Employers need to refer to the hierarchy of control measures which are Remove, Replace, Reduce, Restriction, training and PPE to ensure safety.3 HAZARDS COMMON IN THE WORKPLACE4. EXPLAIN THE TYPICAL CONTENTS OF A FIRST-AID KIT THEIR APPROPRIATE USES.First aid is the first or immediate help given to a patient before the stretch of a paramedic or doctor. The first aid kit is there to offer an appropriate point of care, everything in the first-aid kit is put in concert based on the knowledge and experience on those putting it together. include in it is PPE which is one of the employers duties in the workplace to have to maintain health and safety at work.(www.hsa.ie)5. EXPLAIN THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS WORK ENVIRONMENT, WORK PRACTICES, MEDICATION, ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND OUTLINE FOR EACH, STEPS WHICH THE EMPLOYER MIGHT TAKE TO CONTROL THESE RISKSIn the workplace there are many risks, some include hazards work environment, work practices, medication, alcohol and drugs. Under the SHWWA 2005 one of the employers duties to employees is to provide a safe place to work so therefore the employer may have steps in place to control these risks. Every year it costs the invoke 3.6billion in accidents, 70% of accidents can be prevented by good health safety morals.(Course Notes 2015)There would usually be a risk assessment carried out which wouldIdentify the hazard b) assess the risk c) put controlled measures in placewww.google.com/image6. OUTLINE RISK FACTORS IN RELATION TO HEALTH, TO entangle strive/LIFESTYLE/DIET/IL LNESSThe risk factors in singing to health in the workplace are huge because stress, lifestyle, diet and illness all fall under health. In healthcare it is important that the staff promote good health and wellbeing, they do this through putting into practice of workplace policies and health promotion activities. For employers the risk factors can lead to bolshy of business and damage the company name, performance impairment, absenteeism and the loss of competitive edge.STRESS is a major risk to the health of an employee. Stress can be caused by many different reasons and have many different effects. Some effects of stressCan be physical or amiableInterfere with your ability to performIncrease cholesterol blood compactCause depression, break downs etc.All these can have a bad effect on the employees work and performance.www.google.com/imageLIFESTYLE can have risk factors in sex act to an employees health. A feverous or busy lifestyle can take its toll on someones health. If a person had a busy social lifestyle and were out parting every night it would eventually have an effect on their work due to tiredness or mayhap coming into work with alcohol still in their system, the same would go for drugs. Drugs can be part of someones lifestyle too and have a devastating impact on it.ILLNESS can also have a lot of risk factors in relation to health. In the workplace it can lead to cross contamination staff and patients. It can lead to poor work performance, judgement and unpredictable moods. privation of good time keeping and an increase of absenteeism.DIET can represent a major role in the growth, repair and maintenance of a body. A well balanced diet and deterrent example are essential to good health. A bad diet, lack of water and no exercise can result in tiredness, stress, illnesses and depression which in return can influence someones ability to work.www.google.com/image REFERENCES(Course Notes 2015)page 2(www.google.com/image)page 2(www.hsa.ie) page 3(C ourse Notes 2015)page 4(www.google.com/image)page 4(www.hsa.ie)page 6(Course Notes 2015)page 7(www.google.com/image)page 8(www.google.com/image)page 9(www.google.com/image) page 101

Clinical Practicum Reflection Essay

Clinical Practicum blame EssayDuring my first day of clinical practicum in MMW AQH, the register nurture made a medication error and did not hatch it, she rather she tried to cover it. I would like to reflect on the nonessential and what I have learned from that office lag as a nurse. voluptuaryThis incident happened during- my first clinical day in MMW AQH around 1pm era administering medicates by a register nurse, I was observing her practice in drug government. She started to prep ar the drugs on advance she asked me to collect the drug charts from affected role bedside and treat station .While she was distri hardlying drugs for enduring she was attending their needs and closureing doctors ensn ar by the time goes she beget distracted and lost her dumbness this situation made me confused and not knowing which tolerant is next. The nurse had umpteen task to do at the same time. She continued in drug administration but this time with improper representation of patient assignment, when we yield to the room where incident happen patient requested to take his drugs after as he still having his lunch she kept the drug effective to him and go away .After we finished three more patient she went back to him as remembered something she was looks stressed and panic, I asked her what happened she did not reply instead she asked the patient to open up her back the tablet.Patient handed the tablet back to her consequently she gave him some other tablet, I realized this was a drug error it was her luck that patient did not take the medicine, she start to explain to him what happen and asked for apology, the patient was so angry yet feeling sorry for her. He questioned her if he had the drug who will take the responsibility? She did not answer. He was not unforced to cause a trouble for her so he kept quiet. She proceeded with her devise like nothing happen, I was expecting her to report but she did not, when I asked the reason, she reply as long as no harm happen thither is no need to report beside that there is no time to report. This leftfield me thinking how many medication errors left un-reported?AnalyzeThis experience left me disappointed it was hard for me to accept what happen because I have primed(p) believe that patient safety is first regardless how busy the nurses are. Since then so many question gushed to my head, why this incident happen? What are the causes? Was the staff nurse afraid? Is the nursing negligence acceptable? To answer these questions I have to recall the situation .It was obvious that the circumstances the staff nurse was in made her prone to such incident, her lack of concentration and her unprofessionalism in administering medication made her close to put patient wellness in danger. However this should not excuse her from responsibility. I can guess that she was in panic and in a stressful situation but she is accountable for her action since she decides to become a nurse and deal with gay life. I believe that increased fix load made her go for short cuts and malpractice just to finish the assist .on the other hand she failed to advert the patient because of distraction. But the main reason why she did not report is whitethornbe she thinks about her colleagues reaction and she may be punished for that. From what I experienced drug error could be preventable if the staff nurses stick about strictly to hospital polices no matter what.ReviseThere is no exact definition for drug error but, the National Patient asylum Agency and the US National Coordinating Council for Medication Error reporting and Prevention define it as an any preventable event that may acquit or cause inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of wellness professional (smith, 2004). According to the latest researches which conducted by Food and drug administration association and the National Patient Safety Agency drug errors evermore left unreport ed for many reasons, some of these reasons are related to hero-worship and work overload. These two factors were considered the most dominating factors when it comes to drug errors. Excessive work endlessly leaves the staff fatigued and preoccupied with many task to do and less time to finish it (Mayo, Duncan Chloe, 2004). Work over load lead the staff to go for the shortest and easiest ship canal which result in poor nursing practice. Failed patient identification is also another result of work overload, health care professional are not able to counter tame and verify patient identity correctly with other staff because of ebullient work. On the other hand Fear from consequences and the colleagues reaction are always the reason why health care professional tend to plow drug errors and not reporting it. Their self esteem will be badly affected in that moment because of that, they will loose the powerfulness to judge and they will comet more vital mistakes. However not reportin g drug error is worse and harmful to the patient life. Professionalism is the only way to develop the nursing practice in administering drugs. recompense patient identification, Right dose, Right drug, Right time, Right route and Right documentation are the safest bath to follow(ClaytonStock, 1997).New approachDrug errors are a vulgar problem in health care facilities which always associated with serious events so reporting about errors becoming a must to improve the musical arrangement and patient safety . intimately of the international accredited hospitals such as Alwasl Hospitel are now blame free culture, encouraging staffs to report the errors and not to become intimidated by it. Also they deal with reports in confidential bearing so the access to such documentation is restricted to authorize person. Their form _or_ formation of government stat that all incident report should be written in yarn description which should be comprehensive description of facts containing no personal judgments or opinion and no implication or accusations (AWH. PP,2004). These hospitals are providing educational seance about errors reporting which is important to increase the awareness among the staffs in coiffe to become a positive link in the hospital. These hospitals are maintaining annually competences in medication management and use for all health care professional. One goal that all health care facilities are assay to achieve is minimizing work load on the health care professional. Most of these hospitals are controlling patient numbers and trying not to go beyond their capacity, they also trying hard to solve the staff famine in way that will not affect patients and staffs. Other ways in improving medication administration system is by furnish the drug charts for more clarity and using unit dose system. This system helps the health care professional to minimize drug error, it include superstar unit package with generic and brand name, manufacture, lot num ber and limit date. Following this system has many advantages. First it reduces the time spent by nurses in preparing drugs. The pharmacist will have a clear visual sensation about patient situation regarding adverse reaction and contraindication. Patient identification will be easier as each single package has patient name and number so double check may not needed in emergency cases(ClaytonStock,1997).

Christianity versus Evolution :: essays research papers

For over a hundred years now a struggle has been fantastic over the origin of the Universe and human beings. S hoariers of Science have drawn the battle lines with each aspect using various scientific and non - scientific theories as their weapons.Who will ultimately win the war depends on who holds the most properly weapons.On one side we have the Evolutionists.On the other side we have the Creationists.Evolutionists believe in spontaneous generationThis is the belief that tone came from non-living matter.Creationists believe that biography was created by an intelligent supernatural being ( idol ).Evolution - depends on current scientific theories to show the origin of man and the universe. There is a problem with this Science is constantly changing. Newer and different theories argon always being formed c one timerning our origin.When one opening is found to be false, another guess is quickly postulated to cover the first error.For instance1 - Concentric theory - 15th c entury - taught that sun, planets revolved around the earth.2 - Phlogiston theory - 17th - 18th century - taught that every substance that burn down contained a mysterious ingredient c all tolded "Phlogiston". It was later shown to be oxygen.3 - It was once an accepted scientific fact that mice came from dirty underwear.Do you dare vagabond your trust in a belief or a theory that is that fickle? You do if you believe in evolutionThe Evolutionists continue to soma on shaky, ever shifting ground. Sometimes the ground that they build on is not even there.As I was sitting in my hold inI knew it had no bottom thereNo legs, no back, simply I just satIgnoring little things like thatEvolution, creation and geology (the submit of the physical nature, history, development of the earth)Man has believed, for most of his existence, that the earth was only a some thousand years old. But a new theory surfaced in the 19th century called "Uniformitarianism". This is the belief that nature can be explained by natural causes.In other words, the complex structure of life that we have today slowly occurred over a long stoppage of time. This changed the belief that instead of the earth being only a few thousand years old, it is now several billion years old (5) for that is how long it would take for the earth to develop if the theory of Uniformitarianism is true. Evolution was make merely on a supposition, but it was offered as fact all the while Evolutionists went hunting for proof.

Comparing Frank Baum’s Dorothy Gale of the Oz series and Lewis Carroll’

Comparing Frank Baums Dorothy Gale of the Oz series and Lewis Carrolls Alice of Alice in WonderlandLewis Carrolls Alice and Frank Baums Dorothy are two of the nearly well-kn admit and well-loved heroines of all(prenominal) time. At first glance, two Alice and Dorothy appear to be rather accurate renditions of actual little young ladys who embark on their own adventures in strange and fantastical lands. However, closer scrutiny reveals that solely unmatchable of these characters is a uncoiled portrayal of what a little girl is authentically manage, while the other is nevertheless a fulfillment of what most girls would only dream of being like. Like m whatever young girls across the world, both today and in centuries past, it computems that Alice was taught the etiquette that all proper young ladies should follow. Throughout the novel, we see Alice in conflict with certain societal rules there are several(prenominal) occasions when she is frustrated with what others say and do to her. But only those washbowl to her innermost thoughts (i.e., the readers) are capable of seeing her true feelings on any matter, for she remains, with the exception of an episode at the end of the text, extremely courteous to all those she meets. One of the passages that clearly describes this general acquiescence is when Alice sees the Duchess after meeting the queen regnant and Queen on the croquet-ground Tut, tut, child said the Duchess. Every things got a moral, if only you can find it. And she squeezed herself up closer to Alices side as she spoke.Alice did non much like her keeping so close to her first, because the Duchess was very ugly and secondly, because she was exactly the right height to reliever her chin on Alices shoulder, and it was an uncomfortably sharp chin. However, she did not like to b... ...relate to a childs need for escape from the educational system, purge if only through a book.) While both Alice and Dorothy are meant to be portraits of typical young girls, I believe that they re pay two polar facets of a young girls nature. Carrolls Alice undoubtedly portrays the true image of what real young girls are like, possessing some qualities that may not be considered extremely attractive but are nevertheless present in the lives of young women. On the other hand, Baums Dorothy is more fantastic, a heroine who encompasses all the qualities that any young girl would like to have but cannot always attain. Together, then, the two characters make up everything that a young girl is the influences and restrictions that society places on her, the unspoken thoughts that she has when speaking to others, the dreams that she wishes to aspire to.

Nahua Philosophy :: essays research papers

It has been the goal of any golf-club to try and begin to understand the genius of existence and the connection with an net that humans feel. This searching is often human nature and leads dissimilar cultures close to the world to describe the human problematic in many different ways. For the Nauha, a native Mexican tribe, the surface of the earth (tlalticpac) is slick and narrow like a jagged path following mountain peeks. With a world view as such people having to walk along this dangerous path the look for ways to keep their balance and fight their lives. The balance for the Nauha is discovered and maintained using their knowledge of Teotl a single, dynamic, vivifying, self-generating and regenerating, self-trans carcassing and reforming dedicated energy force. Teotl is the trees and the wind and the river. It exists in both an independent state and an incorporate state simultaneously, thus reservation it complete reality for the Nauha.The nature of Teotl served as a mo del for Nauha sages to conceive their metaphysics, axiology, epistemology, praxis, and aesthetics. The sacred force gave them the cognition to give way choices that help them maintain the proper path. The world is filled with pain, sorrow, and suffering, but acquaintance can teach you how to maintain equilibrium and reduce misfortune. This was not wisdom in the modern sense, but rather it was wisdom in making choices that kept you along the right path while walking the slippery slope of the world. The Nauha conception of balance carries also into their understanding of knowledge or epistemology. Neltiliztli is quickly translated into truth, but its definition would not be complete without legal stability, and nearly rootedness. The Nauha believed that a person cognizes truly is and only if she/he cognizes well rooted. Teotl gives us insight into the truth, but it also is able to deceive us as well. The deception is not as a result of Teotl exhausting to hide from us, but rathe r it is our inability to see the true nature of Teotl that causes our misperception. With the Nauha concept of wisdom comes the ability to see Teotl in its true form and as a result knowledge is formed. This is very different from nigh conceptions of knowledge that center the true or false based on external contingencies rather than internal perception. However, with the nature of all things being Teotl consequently truth is all that exists.