Audubon and Dillard :: essays research papers

Audubon and Dillard A small child views a painting, giggling to his mother how it looks same an elephant soaring throughout the galaxy. An hour later a middle age man views the exact painting only to acknowledge the abstract painting as a collage of miscellaneous shapes and colors. This view is much like the comparison between John James Auburn and Annie Dillard passages, revealing opposite and similar aspects on the subject of birds. Auburns passage inhabits a sense of seriousness and monotone. Incorporating direct details such as his departure from his house on the banks of the Ohio and discover pigeons fly north-east to southwest reveals his scientific train of thinking. By him pinpointing each step of his experience of watching birds, it displays how his mind functions and distinguishes situations. Show casing his down to priming tone, Auburn delivers a step-to-step encounter with the birds flying high above him. Auburn describes the flock of birds like a torrent that made a sound like a noise of thunder that came by with such a compact mass. Auburns passage consists mainly of scientific observations but the say incorporations towards the end of the passage are significant components which assist in portraying a poetic and metaphoric language. By Auburn incorporating this poetic feel, it displays his exhilaration and sheer amazement of theses specimen. Annie Dillard portrays her thoughts differently in her passage, incorporating a poetic sense that is carried through out the entire passage. Dillard describes the birds she is viewing as transparent and that they seem to be twiddle like smoke. Already one could identify that Dillards passage has more of poetic feel over a scientific feel. This poetic thought carries through the entire passage, displaying Dillards total awe of these birds. She also incorporates word choices such as unravel and that he birds seem to be lengthening in curves like a loosened skein. Dillards word choice implies that he is incorporating a theme of sewing. As she describes these birds she seems to be in awe and by apply a comparison of sewing she is reaching deeper inside herself to create her emotions at the time.In the light of the day certain objects seem different, we dont organise notice of the simple things and rush to accomplish are every day tasks.

Censorship: Freedom Or Suppression ? :: essays research papers

Censorship Freedom or Suppression ?Government censorship can be looked at as a benignity or an unneeded burden.I personally feel that all censorship is completely unnecessary and should befound unconstitutional. It is the countless moral views that bring no rightanswer for what should and should not be censored. I know that the governancesversion of censorship varies greatly from mine, just as mine does from a world simple view.The citizens of the United States are living in a pure democracy thathas given us all first amendment rights. This alone should mean that theirshould be no governance intervention on a code of ethics or morality. Thisshould mean that we as citizens should be allowed complete freedom of our ownchoices. Our government was impersonate up to make laws and to keep our society in order.They were doing a fine job until they started making decisions for us on what isor isnt decent. The most recent sample of this is the Communication DecencyAct of 1996(Located in the Telecommunications Act Of 1996). This act more orless states that the Internet should be censored and be given restrictions. Thefirst topic this brings up is who owns the Internet. No one really owns itbecause it is really thousands of computer networked together. The main backboneof the Internet was originally made up of government funded universities andother government institutions. However that is no longer the case. Now themajority of the Internet is run and operated by independent services andevery twenty-four hour period citizens. The Internet is a modern day symbol of the freedom of speechwe have in our society. The government has no right to tell us what we can andcan not do in our homes. No one is forcing anyone to go to any specific area ofthe Internet for anything. These are all choices made with our own free will. Ifeel that the government is clearly violating the fine line between church andstate. The Job of the church is to keep up moral and ethical standards in ourworld. Obviously the government got the disparage job description for clearly theyare violating the trust they have in the Church doing its job.I know that if they put me in charge of censorship things would be a lotdifferent from how they are today. The first step I would make would becensoring all Ex-lax and Imodium D commercials. I find it passing peculiarthat these commercials always seem to appear right during dinner.

The Uncertain Future of Cloning :: Science

The Uncertain Future of Cloning One of the most crucial aspects of todays society is the advancement of scientific capabilities. There ar many people in the world today that would not be alive if it were not for science. over the last four decades there have been tremendous improvements that have enhanced the ease of valet life. With all of these scientific improvements, there ar still those that play off the results that occur from science. One of the more controversial scientific advancements is the application of cloning into human life. The question that arises for those in the scientific field is, how can science improve, term staying within the boundaries of what the majority wants? Many scientists would like to be able to practice their trade freely, without the limitations set by the government. There are also some scientists that are eager to clone a human being. Most people agree that cloning does have positive affects on human life. The belief is th at cloning give open the door for new medical improvements and cures. The scientists lobbying for cloning believe it will eventually enable them to reproduce injured, or non-functioning body parts. A couple that is unable to reproduce on their own using conventional methods, would be able to create their own offspring by cloning. A reference in falsification of cloning, that also confronts inaccurate beliefs of many people states, Neither evolution nor the old-fashioned human sex act is in any way threatened, nor is the family or human society. Most fears about human cloning stem from ignorance (Pence). While scientists do not want any limitations set on their work, many people touch sensation that there are not enough limits set on the scientific field. Although there are multiple advantages to cloning, there is equal or more opposition. just about people believe that cloning of human beings takes the place of God, which makes the procedure unethical. One excerpt i n opposition of cloning states, The native processes of evolution are thwarted, because natural selection is by-passed. This may seem attractive in thoroughbred horses, but in humans it really may be that only the rich are able to clone themselves (Dileo). After multiple failures to clone a lamb, scientists were finally successful.

Social Contract Essay -- essays research papers

The Social Contract-     Rousseaus principal aim in writing The Social Contract is to determine how immunity may be possible in civil society, and we might do well to pause briefly and netherstand what he means by "freedom." In the state of nature we enjoy the physical freedom of having no restraints on our behavior. By entering into the social contract, we place restraints on our behavior, which make it possible to survive in a community. By giving up our physical freedom, however, we gain the civil freedom of being able to think rationally. We can put a check on our impulses and desires, and thus learn to think morally. The term "morality" only has significance within the confines of civil society, according to Rousseau.     Not vertical freedom, then, but also rationality and morality, are only possible within civil society. And civil society, says Rousseau, is only possible if we agree to the social contract. Thus, we do non only have to thank society for the mutual protection and peace it affords us we also owe our rationality and morality to civil society. In short, we would not be human if we were not active participants in society.     This last step determines the heavily communitarian perspective that Rousseau adopts. If we can only be fully human under the auspices of the social contract, then that contract is more important than the individuals that agree to it. After all,...

Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

In society today, all people determine their lifestyle, personalisedity and overall character byboth positive and prejudicial traits that they hold. Sydney carton in Charles Dickens A Taleof Two Cities was a drunken lawyer who had an extremely low self- esteem. He possesedmany negative characteristics which he used in a positive way. Carton drastically changedhis life around and became a new man.Sydney is not the man he first appeared to be. He is first described at Darnays trialas slouching and not paying attention. He is seen as a drunk who had many personalissues. Carton feels that there is no hope for him, and that his life will neer improve. Hehas much more potential and could be so much more in life, yet he chooses to re master(prenominal) inthe shadow of others. Sydney has a dramatic life and is an alchoholic who sees nothingpositive in himself.Carton demonstrates a sensitivity which helps others in the long run. His partner,Mr. Stryver relaxes while Sydney works long hard hours to prepare the defense materialsfor the following days. Carton does most of Stryvers work, he is a man of great giving justlacks the character traits that would make those talents work to his own advantage insteadof others that he helps. He always use to be satisfied with faling into his rank and never didanything to attempt to change his life. He further destroys himself with drinking andalthough he is not satisfied with his life now, he feels that he cannot do anything to changeit. Sydneys sleep with for Lucie Manette changed him greatly in a positive way. One daywhen Sydney visited the Manette residence he called on Lucie and pledged his love to her.After hearing this, Lucie feels nothing but compassion for Carton. He asked nothing moreof Lucie than to always remember how deeply he cared for her, and that he would makeany sacrifice to her or anyone dear to her. Lucie was the main reason for bringing out thenew , more positve Sydney Carton. He now looked at things with a more positive attitudeand a new personal strength was seen in his later actions.Cartons final act in this novel shows what a brave man he was and he acts uponhis consecutive love for Lucie. After the second arrest of Charles Darnay, Carton urges Dr.Manette to attempt to use his influence to free Charles. When Carton is speaking withlittle Lucie, Charles and Lucies daughter, she begs him to do something to that her

Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

In society today, all people determine their lifestyle, face-to-faceity and overall character byboth confident(p) and veto traits that they hold. Sydney Carton in Charles Dickens A Taleof Two Cities was a drunken lawyer who had an extremely low self- esteem. He possesedmany negative characteristics which he used in a positive way. Carton drastically changedhis life around and became a bracing man.Sydney is not the man he set-back appeared to be. He is first described at Darnays trialas slouching and not paying attention. He is seen as a drunk who had many personalissues. Carton feels that there is no hope for him, and that his life will never improve. Hehas much more than potential and could be so much more in life, yet he chooses to remain inthe shadow of others. Sydney has a dramatic life and is an alchoholic who sees nixpositive in himself.Carton demonstrates a esthesia which helps others in the long run. His partner,Mr. Stryver relaxes while Sydney works long hard hours to prepare the defense materialsfor the following days. Carton does most of Stryvers work, he is a man of immense talent butlacks the character traits that would make those talents work to his own advantage insteadof others that he helps. He always use to be satisfied with faling into his class and never didanything to attempt to change his life. He further destroys himself with drinking andalthough he is not satisfied with his life now, he feels that he cannot do anything to changeit. Sydneys love for Lucie Manette changed him greatly in a positive way. One daywhen Sydney visited the Manette residence he called on Lucie and pledged his love to her.After hearing this, Lucie feels nothing but compassion for Carton. He asked nothing moreof Lucie than to always remember how deeply he cared for her, and that he would makeany sacrifice to her or anyone effective to her. Lucie was the main reason for bringing out thenew , more positve Sydney Carton. He now looked at things with a more positive attitudeand a new personal strength was seen in his later actions.Cartons final act in this novel shows what a brave man he was and he acts uponhis true love for Lucie. After the second arrest of Charles Darnay, Carton urges Dr.Manette to attempt to use his influence to free Charles. When Carton is speaking withlittle Lucie, Charles and Lucies daughter, she begs him to do something to save her

Human Motivation Essay

On page 227 of your text you forget find Figure 8-6. Provide deuce scenarios for two different hypothetical concourse exhibit the two possible outcomes, two possible paths for the same frustrated contain. Summarize the two, comparing and contrasting the experiences in the scenarios. Create a box table for for from each one one with summaries for each. Then, provide, in paragraph format, an explicit explanation of similarities and differences. Each table should hold up two explanations along with descriptions and references to your text and/or other readings. Cite all(prenominal) references followers correct APA style (5th edition). In explaining the look of people, we out our description with reference to round kind of active driving force the man-to-man seeks, the individual wants, the individual reverences. Various psychologists describe motivation, in other words, as the driving force behind our behavior (Atkinson, et al. 1983). Smith, et al. labels their discussion on motivation as the Why of behavior (1982). Why does the tardy student in mathematics spend the rest of the period outside instead of inside the mathematics classroom? Emotions or squiffy feelings usually accompany motivated behavior. Often, emotions direct behavior toward goals (Atkinson, et al. 1983). This paper briefly describes and explains the origin/causes, and distinction of motivation and different scenarios linking motivation and other concepts. Motives, gibe to Marx, produce either from a biological or a physiological source, or from an environmental influence. A motive whitethorn arise from a biological need for food or water which ordain drive an individual to seek food when hungry or drink when thirsty. The tissues of the valet body need these to head for the hills continuously. It will cease to live without sufficient nourishment. The hormonal sub sides in the blood which activate indisputable parts of the nervous system ar other biological sources, for less on, the sex drive which is due to the presence of hormones secreted by the reproductive glands, the ovaries (in the female), and the testes present in the male (1976). Moreover, motives may also be caused by environmental influence. We fight strongly to social acceptance so we want to acquire an appliance or any other thing that we see in others especially if we tail afford them. Companies offering high salaries attract employees from other firms that give low wages (Atkinson, et al. 1983). A predominant view is that human motivation comes from either a small number of basic urges or redden one basic urge and that all aspire for family prestige, social status, and security (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p. 315).Internal and External categorisation of Motivation Psychology recognizes different perspectives of motivation. One of these view window panes pertains to the idea of motivational inducements, otherwise known as incentives. Incentives are referenced from either the vantage poin t of internal, or that of outside(a) motivation. An inducement coming from at bottom the individual is called intrinsic or internal motivation. It is, according to Morris and Maisto, about the . . . desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual. An inducement coming from outside the individual is called external or extrinsic motivation. It is the aspiration to do or achieve a goal in ordination to acquire a type of incentives or escape or steer clear of punishment (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p.316).Children are often induced by the presence of external incentives to perform expected tasks or avoid incurring punishment. For motivation experts, however, a individual starting the internal type of motivation will reap to a greater extent lasting and beneficial effects compared with external motivation (1999). To induce a kid to do what the parents ask for by way of rewards or threats are at times less constructive or even detrimental to the overall performance o f the mortal or child. maintenance is a strong component of human motivation. Explain the numerous roles of fear in both positive and disconfirming impact situations on human motivation you have studied this term. Be detail and cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition). Create real-life examples for each role of fear to support your position(s). Develop your scenarios to include the application of theory. Thoroughly develop your scenario. Fear is defined as a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil or pain a specific instance of or propensity for fear concern or anxiety, solicitude (Random House Websters Dictionary, 4th Ed.). Where fear is concerned, though it is deemed as a negative frantic state by many, life will become unreal. This paper will try to explain why fear is essential to an individuals sun-loving outlook. Weighing on the polarities of this particular affect, one will see the necessity of this kind of emotion which is outgrowthed by t he bodys amygdala.Although social psychological science literature is extensive, there are yet inconclusive evidences as to how fear actually work towards its positive effect. Volumes of literature attest to both positive and negative effects of fear especially in its role to convince. Because of this, it is genuinely key that one examines the specific instances where fear can be said to be efficacious in positive manner as well as in a negative way. The following scenarios will, at the least, illustrate where fear is helpful, and where it is detrimental or pernicious. In the study of anti- atomic recruiting to raise concern on a possible nuclear holocaust, it is said that the matter about nuclear use is so general these days that common people, when presented with the threat of its use, tend to shrug off the idea and need to be convinced of the danger it poses (Sandman & Valenti, 1986). Why the indifference? Inspite of the campaigns of nuclear Armageddon, the legal age of peop le still seemed to be apathetic about any threat at all. Perhaps, according to studies, people already get beyond fear to numbness. In the study by Sandman and Valenti, the authors said that this has something to do with what they termed as likely occurrence versus horrible consequence.They cited as an example the success of drunken driving campaigns due to the likelihood of losing ones drivers license rather than losing a life (which is an instance of horrible consequence). How is this so? These authors said that to terrify a person who is already afraid will be of no use to that person. The likelihood of a horrible consequence, probably to most people, is not that immediate. The common response is apathy. So the best approach to this situation according to Sandman and Valenti is reassurance-the reinforcement of what they call the four antidotes namely, anger, hope, love and action.This implies simply that fear in this instance is negative in effect. Fear has to be reduced when it comes to scenarios like recruiting people to take up commitment and/or advocacy towards certain important matters of concern like the threat of nuclear war. To sustain the cause, the four aforementioned agenda will be the likely steps taken rather than inducing fear or timidityizing the terrorized with more terror (Sandman & Valenti, 1986). It is also maintained that fear is indispensable and a fact of life. If truth be told, more often, studies would show its efficacy in persuading people to action or to some to change their minds on something or someone. This happens to political campaigns where some PR managers become household names also due to their ability to introduce a virtually unknown person and catapult them to notoriety. This may entail a positive or negative implication, depending on the perceptions of people and the motives or machinations of those wanting to be in the limelight. How will fear call down be very effective and its use in persuasive communication be eth ically and virtuously justly or justified? Here is a scenario a certain school whose graduating class of 29 students filed a complaint on one of its faculty, citing misconduct unseemly of someone in authority on the basis of corruption.They submitted a detailed account of what transpired during a semester with this certain professor in their department. When confronted with the dean regarding the response do by the professor, and the initiative of court showcases filed against the tout ensemble class, the students decided to eviscerate a retraction of their complaints. Their lame excuse was that given their navet or inexperience, the college and the governing (including the accused professor) past investigating them, should look into the charges they made against the professor as mere questions in need of answers and not as accusatory gestures that are morally and professionally damaging to the concerned professor. They have decided to retract, corporately, because their ad viser enlightened them of the repercussions of their written complaint (i.e., possible non-graduation, and a host of other possible consequences).This is a picture of an effective fear appeal. Their retraction did not plastered they have changed their prejudiced mind against the professor, rather, their immediate concern is their graduation which is barely two months away, and the possibility of a smeared reputation when time comes they will be applying for work. This illustration gives an example of the kind of fear appeal where the Stage model (Das, 2001) is applied. The students in the illustration responded to this appeal positively, although it was entirely short term. They responded positively because they had their graduation in mind which is upcoming. As Enny Das states it, human beings act the way they do because of under(a)lying motivations (Das, 2001). Fear is an important factor in the way people act and decide. In the first scenario, fear is portrayed as negative in effect to certain cases much(prenominal) as anti nuclear campaigns recruitment. According to social scientists, there are behavioral and attitudinal changes that work temporarily and others permanently or in a substantial length of time. Where the first scenario is concerned, advocates for the awareness of anti-nuclear holocaust and recruitment of activists for their cause have this problem before them how to convince people from their numbness to action and stay on with it.As Sandman and Valenti proposed it, the procedures they advocated, instead of high dose of fear, a good measure of reassurance based on anger, love, hope and action, (4 antidotes of numbness) should be followed (Sandman, Valenti, 1986). This finds sand according to the Dual-process model, where it is postulated that systematic processing of a persuasive message will result in more stable carriages, intentions, and behavior (Das, 2001). However, people should perceive a certain degree of possible threat/dange r if they are to process the information systematically and hence, maintain a long term coping of that threat/danger. The cooperate scenario is best explained based on the Stage model of fear appeals. It assumes that individuals process the information on a heuristic processing of subsequently presented recommendation which is predictably less lasting in a period of time (Das, 2001). Considering that the second scenario, referring to their decision to retract from their complaints only because of an impending graduation which is threatened by the case they filed on the alleged professor, is actually a very unstable decision, and understandably will only weaken in the passing of time (Das, 2001). The study of fear and its effects continue to arrest curiosity and interest as well as confusion. There needs to be more studies to discover how the occurrence of attitude and behavioral changes where fear appeals are concerned, affects decision making whether positively, to the advantage o f the individual, or negatively, to the detriment or disadvantages of the one paralyzed by fear. It is assumed that scenarios like these will continue to attract both enthusiasts and experts alike in the study of behavior.Explain the role of check up oning in human motivation. Provide at least tercet (3) examples that specifically tie acquirement to human motivation and the reduction of stress, improved happiness, and self-esteem. (Three separate scenarios.) Your explanation should be well developed and the examples should be specific. Cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition). Motivation is behind every behavior. The principle of cause-effect is apparent in the study of motivation and behavior motivation is the cause or the why, and behavior is the effect. Thus it is motivation that gives direction and thrust to our behavior. Without motivation, behavior may not occur (Halonen and Santrock, 1999). A common family friend one day told me she wanted my advice, whether shell break up with her boyfriend or stay on with him and wait for him to change. Her problem was that whenever they disagree or fight, her boyfriend (well call him Raymond) ends up pinching her to the point that he was actually physically hurting her. It is something very interesting to think about because of all things that a man would do to his sweetheart, pinching her seems strange and extraordinary. I couldnt help asking her why Raymond is that way. What are the forces behind this seemingly love and hate relationship? What drives Raymond to do this precise act towards his girlfriend? Did he learn it or is it innate? Psychology seeks to understand human behavior with the following 4 or 5 goals in mind. These are description, explanation, prediction, control, and improvement (Atkinson et al, 2000). Analyzing the given scenario with my friend, I just was able to describe the event and the occasions that led him to do it. However, it does not suffice to say that just because he is hurt in some ways by his girlfriend that he would resort to doing such a thing as pinching. It would be a lot clearer if we start to examine his behavior in the light of possible reasons basing on the need theory and the learning theory (Halonen and Santrock, 1999).1. Need Theory A need is defined as a specific state within the organism that may activate behavior to satisfy the need they are often related to the depletion of essential body substances a state or condition which indicates the lack or something vital or desired which the organism will strive to obtain it can also mean the existence of an harsh condition, which has to be relieved or eliminated. In the case of Raymond, his pinching behavior can be interpreted as his way of relieving or eliminating an unpleasant feeling or condition (i.e. he has anger management problem that he couldnt guide his emotions to a more benign and less destructive manner), that unless he gets it off his system, a more violent reaction might occur, so the pinching is for him so minor, that he can do it anytime to his girlfriend. Usually, in cases like Raymonds behavior, the individual does not possess the skills in channeling strong and powerful emotions and communicating such in the right manner.2. Learning Theory Observational or well-disposed Learning To explain Raymonds behavior, I will start by elaborating on the theory by Bandura and alongside illustrating and illuminating the behavior of the pinching individual. Social learning theorist Albert Bandura has run experiments that show we acquire operants by observing the behavior of others. We may need some practice to refine the skills we acquire by observation. We may choose to allow these skills to lie latent. For example, we may not imitate aggressive behavior unless we are provoked and believe that we are more likely to be rewarded than punished for it. Observational learning may account for most human learning. It is not mechanically acquired through reinfor cement. We can learn by observation without loving in overt responses at all. It appears sufficient to pay attention to the behavior of others. To explain how this occurs, Bandura suggests that four mental processes must be in operation these processes are needful for observation learning (Bandura, 1986). Attention. The observer must pay attention to what the model says or does.In all likelihood, Raymond may have spent his young days in the hands and example of a mother who actually specifically would pinch him whenever he misbehaves. Probably, those years were for him troublesome, knowing that a mother much displays this behavior or act out of sheer frustration, at times not because the child actually misbehaves. He was probably doing what every normal child would do that time. His mother could have been laden with so many things to do and lacked the patience or time to understand the needs of her children (Bandura, 1986). Memory. The observer must caudex or remember the infor mation so that it can be retrieved and used later. In Raymonds case, because he practically grew up in the apron set up of his mother, its not surprising that he would manifest many characteristics of his mother. Raymonds memory would necessarily be traced back to the years he had undergo under her (Bandura, 1986). Imitation. The observer must be able to use the remembered information to guide his or her own actions and thus imitate the models behavior. Although Raymond has now a choice over his acts whenever he felt provoked, he seemed tied to the responses his mother made years ago, thus displaying the same behavior (Bandura, 1986). Motivation. The observer must have some reason, reinforcement, or incentive to perform the models behaviors. Raymond must probably feel that the pinching is justifiable and quite normal because that was what hed experienced with his mother. When he felt being provoked by the girlfriend, the physical reaction could have been a natural consequence to h im (Bandura, 1986). The major theories presented here have helped us understand the kind of behavior that the person in the scenario was doing towards the girl. Theories have their way of making us comprehend things, situations and behavior better. Because of this, we are able to make necessary adjustments, and lessen potential conflicts at the very least. It allows us also the opportunity to gain insights on the way people behave, what makes them tick, or what sets them off.A key subdivision in Human Motivation involves ones ability apply existing knowledge to a problem. We call this creativity. Your text actually provides a process of creativity. Your task is to Delineate a real-life problem associated with your work or something you have experienced. You must define this problem completely. Make yourself a disinterested observer and withdraw no detail. Synthesize the data. DeBono (1970, 1987) terms this process finding redundancies and calls it lateral thinking. You are going t o let out patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process. Then, you will suspend feeling leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options. The real-life problem that is to be explored here has something to do with two colleagues who play serious parts or roles in the dynamics of office work. Their mutual bad blood has exceeded civility that it has engulfed us their co-workers, and even each of our respective families. Whenever they are around, all of us have to make sure that no favoritism is shown to any. Nevertheless, it is precisely this stance that further places the rest of us in trouble. One of the antagonists, lets call him Troy the Rat, is the senior of the rest of us who are in this department. His archenemy, whom he name-calls as the trying-hard to look like tough guy, we call Bart. Bart is not your typical officemate also. He is not the very outspoken and gregarious, happy-go-lucky person nor the touchy type. But he knows malice if he meets one. Their problem is already more than ten years old. They have had their first series of encounters that ended up in lawsuit. Their relationship didnt improve, expectedly, after that period. This time around, the matter between them was revived and had escalated with another series of lawsuits. I was caught in the middle of this conflict as much as the others in the department. Troy the rat wanted us to take his side to pin Bart down saying that the latter was a malicious person bent on destroying a reputable colleague whose work and influence had made contributions though not as much as that of Troy. Bart, on the other hand, was knowledgeable about the manipulations and tongue wagging unimaginable in the military that Troy had been doing all these years to put Bart outside the group, or the inner circle in the institution where he had b een first. In my judgment, though Bart had lapses of his own, I have not encountered nor observed him as a person who had as much malevolence as Troy. Both had wanted anyone of us in the department to sympathize and rally to either of their causes, and overtly, not one of us showed to the rest of the institution that we had taken sides. However, privately, we had our sympathies for Bart because his clout is not that extensive as Troy Barts fight was just almost unendingly to defend himself in the wake of the accusations that Troy had tried to hurl against him.Synthesize the data. DeBono (as cited in Franken, 2007) terms this process finding redundancies and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process. The exclusively scenario with Troy, Bart and the rest of us in the department embroiled in the dispute reached its peak just a few months ago. Recently, Troy because of his belief that we were not deeply su pportive of him, accused the whole department of conspiracy against him. Although he had the appearance of respectability, Troy however, is a very good actor, who plays his part well. Because his accusation of conspiracy was not effective, he tried other ways. Through text messages and sarcasm he began to intimidate each of us personally and privately. He somehow managed to know some important details or weaknesses in each of us to weaken us down. Members of our department were at our lowest point in the working relationship and morale within the workplace. It was a very difficult time. The problem with these two colleagues did not just start with any one of them as individuals although their idiosyncrasies and even their personal, family or private lives are surely crucial factors in the dynamics of office work. Looking at the whole dilemma from start to the more recent clashes, Troy and Barts conflict which now involved us, was firstly, a leadership responsibility. If thusly, dur ing the early times that those who grapple the department had keen understanding of peoples behavioral inclinations or types, who cared enough to address the early signs of trouble that arises in a specific workplace, and had the peremptory facility to impose certain boundaries and discipline either or both of them and those involved then, this was surely a thing of the past. What the person (Troy or Bart) was certainly has mien in whatever will continue to develop in future relationships, responsibilities, and possible frictions that normally are present in any work setting.Then, you will suspend judgment leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Discipline both Troy and Bart. Impose sanctions for the way the conflict between them had been allowed to escalate. Probably suggest suspension, leave of absence for a definite period of time so the whole office can breathe.Because I am not t he department head, a meeting is to occur (or a series of meetings) just for the sole purpose of cogitate on the viable alternatives to restore the two to a more civil relationship. If they will not acquiesce to what will be decided by the group, then everyone in the department will make a resolution to recommend the two for further investigation by the institutions disciplinary council and even propose their dismissal should they not accede to the department/institutions guidelines or decisions.Leave them to fight their battles between them because they are adults and can fend for each of themselves. Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options.The implications for option one is that when there is outright or decisive action to make the two soluble for the fiasco will provide a sharp curb to their ongoing hostility. In understanding human nature, when a persons ego is stirred with matters that the case between Troy and Bart will be exposed as behaving like child ren and needed to be out rightly disciplined, it will expose their vulnerability to societys approval and disapproval. This is based on Affiliation motive, and what they will lose is Esprit de corps-the feeling of being part of a sympathetic group, only this time, not just one of them will stand lose it, but the both of them (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.318)This has something to do with Maslows hierarchy of needs. What will happen here is to make the threat of losing years of hard work and establishment of a career in one institution to end up in disgrace because then, the two should have been dismissed for the trouble they brought to the whole department. In Maslows theory, if everything that mattered to any of them is pulled under them, then they will think deep with how they will have to make compromises in order that their source of livelihood (Maslows first level Physiological needs) will be at stake. Secondly, when their sense of esteem is also threatened, then they will be push ed to think through with pulling down not only each other, but also the others in the workplace (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.317)A sense of acceptance for many pervades whenever clashes between people who seemed to be influential, quite strong and resistive to advices, and who have made up their minds as to the recourse they were taking. It is to understand that people have what psychology calls as Aggression motive. Some experts on human behavior look at this particular trait or behavior as an inherent force within people that is intended to be redirected to more positive or beneficial outcomes (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.319)Conclusion Essentially, the role of motivation in a persons life is crucial to the understanding of human activities. Motivation is never static because in life, there always presents a dynamic and changing pattern of needs. Internal and external motivation provides in brief, an astute way of explaining the whys of peoples behaviors. No wonder then, that in genera l, educators dish out pupils or learners in the light of this ideation.BibliographyAtkinson, Rita L., Richard C. Atkinson, and Ernest R. Hilgard. 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 8th ed., New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.Das, Enny Henrica Helena Johanna . 2001. How fear Appeals Work motivational biases in the processing of fear-arousing health communications. www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/ tendency/diss/1975035/inhoud.htm.Franken, Robert E. Human Motivation, 6th ed.King, N. 1970. Clarification and evaluation of the two-factor theory of job satisfaction. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 18-31.Lazaro, P. M. Palma, BB. Azcona, P. Cardona, N. Chinchilla, 2000. From individual motivation to organizational compensation the physicians perspective. Annu realise Int Soc Technol Assess Health Care Int Soc Technol Assess Health Care Meet. 2000 16 224. Health Services Research Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain International School of Business, Barcelona, Spain. Accessed Se ptember 21, 2007 http//gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102271882.htmlLlewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of luck Taking. Accessed in www.risktaking.co.uk.Marx, Melvin H. 1976. Introduction to Psychology Problems, Procedures, and Principles. Columbia Collier MacMillan.Morris, Charles G., Maisto, Albert A., 1999. Understanding Psychology.4th ed., Prentice Hall New Jersey, pp.315-316.Random House Websters Dictionary. 2001. 4th Ed., Ballantine Books, New York.Sandman, light beam M., JoAnn M.Valenti. 1986. Scared Stiff or Scared into Action.. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.New York. P.12-16 accessed in www.psandman.comSmith, Ronald E., Sarason, I.G., and Sarason, B.R. 1982. Psychology The Frontiers of Behavior.2nd Ed. New York Harper and Row Publishers.______ . 2007. Employee motivation, the organizational environment and productivity. ACCEL. Accessed Sept. 21, 2007 _______. 2007. Organizational Motivation. Chapter 4.Accessed Sept. 21, 2007.

Cougars Case

Investment Management Case 1 COUGARS TEAM8 Kun Mao Xiaobin Yang Ruoxi Cao Yang Qiao Jing Liu Riskless zero-voucher hold is the bond bought at a price humiliate than its face value, with the face value repaid at the time of maturity. The zero-coupon bond is riskless because the investors know exact money they will receive when the bond is maturity. The investors purchase the bond in a lower price and get more money. No coupon is paid before maturity. The investors do not motivating to pay interest.Besides, because zero-coupon bond is riskless, the bondholders argon willing to hold it for long-term investment in order to diversity the portfolio. So it is important in the fixed income protective covering market. If a bond trades at a discount, its yield to maturity will exceed its coupon rate. Zero coupon bonds always sells at a discount. The sensibility of a bonds price to changes in interest rates is measured by the bonds duration. A bond with high durations,its price is highly sensitive to interest rate changes.In other words, the prices of bonds with low durations are less sensitive to interest rate changes. That means interest rates of longer-term bonds are higher than shorter-term bonds. The term structure of interest rates should be graphed as a deviate line of zero-coupon bonds, in fact, it describe the relationship between matures and coupon date. Using the date provided in the case, we understructure construct the following three yield abridges a. COUGARs Strip Yield Curve This is the adjusted COUGARs strip yield curve that takes the discounted ate (8. 11%) into account. The adjustment is necessary because the prices provided in Exhibit 1 are prices for settlement on December 6, 1983, while treasury quotes are 20 days before, which is the date of November 16, 1983. The discount factor is 1. 0045, which is calculated as 1+8. 11%*20/360. The yield curve has an obvious upward trend before Nov. 1987 and therefore the curve keeps flat. To highligh t the upward trend, our team set 8% as the minimum number of the vertical axis. b. Treasury Coupon Yield CurveTo manikin the treasury coupon yield curve, we select some bonds in the Exhibit2. We have eliminated those bonds with extremely low coupons and with multiple maturity designations. The treasury coupon yield curve also shows an upward trend before Nov. 1987. And then the curve stays flat as a whole and just fluctuates slightly. Also we set 8 as the minimum number of the vertical axis to highlight the trend of the yield curve. c. Implied Spot Yield Curve Because of the lack of data from May 1996 to Nov. 000, we can only build the implied spot yield curve from May 1984 to Nov. 1993. But the incomplete yield curve has successfully reflected the trend, moving upward and then belongings flat. According to the curves, we can observe that Strips yields show the yield of a separate zero-coupon security which is actually converted by coupon and principal payments of the Treasury bon ds. Treasury coupon yield, which is the yield curve based on the treasury quotes, is the stated interest rates of a bond. The rates in three curves should nearly be the same.It is obvious to fix that these three curves have the same trend as a whole. All of them go upward before Nov. 1987 and then stay flat. appreciate bond price (300000000*11. 875%/11. 89%)*1-1/(1+11. 89%)20=267944276 The value of United States Treasure Bond A. G Becker bought is 267944276. Then A. G Becker separated coupons from the principal of coupon bonds then sold the coupons to investors, each of these investments then paid a single lump sum. We can calculate the value of coupon 300000000*11,875%/2=17812500.The value of coupon in each payment period equals to the face value of each zero coupon bonds. Investors bought the zero coupon bond at a price lower than par value. The fund A. G Becker collected in 1984 equals to sum of zero coupon bonds price. The difference between value of treasure bond and capital embossed by zero coupon bonds is the value created through COUGARS. Capital raised by zero coupon bonds 11. 875%/2*300000000*15. 30606=272639193. So we can easily see that the value created by COUGARS is 272639193. 8-267944276=4694917. 8.

Organizational psychology Simulation Response Essay

Leadership and management has been two confusing practices for m whatever people tend to confuse lead and management. Leadership has many definitions that may leave unmatched completely confused having no appropriate meaning. Leaders and passenger vehicles seem to nourish close responsibilities in the welfare of the organization. Leadership in general is defined as influencing, motivating, organizing and providing support to the employees or workers. Management on the other hand is mastering the working behavior and maturate of the employees.Therefore, the leading are more concerned with the welfare of the employee while managers mostly concerned with the welfare of the organization. There is difference in response by the workers to the leading and managers, this can be distinguished by taking a close look on how they understand between the two terms and responses they give to each. air response Interestingly, most employees tend to prefer working with leading than managers .Good leaders are never dictators, they guide the employees through their work to achieve the sought after goals. Leadership is very crucial in the welfare of the employees in the organization, good leaders are responsible for the employees achievement and their working conditions. According to (Yukl, 1992), employees are the one that determines who real leaders and who managers are depending on how they respond to the two issues. Employees tend to respond to leaders in a different way from how they respond to the managers. referable to difference in the working behaviors, managers are feared for they do anything no matter the impact it may bring to the employee just to protect the fills of the organization while the leaders will try to balance both issues and interests. A leader seems to be more skillful than the manager because he must possess interpersonal skills of persuading and influencing employees to do a task, they are more concerned with the process the duty is performe d unlike the managers who are more concerned with the outcome.Leaders provide the strategic direction and spate to the employees and to entire organization and making sure that every task is completed in time and in the right order, they are responsible for organization goals and forthcoming destinations, they are responsible of motivating and coaching the employees to achieve the expected goal for them. Different leaders posses different traits depending on their effectiveness, though the research surrender not yet defined on how effective a leader could be.Leadership is more of behavior while management is mostly on commands, therefore the leaders behavior are more complex and intemperate to understand for no one knows or predicts what a leader is up for while every knows what the manager is expecting of him. Leaders are able to influence the passation of certain behaviors without meeting the working routine of employees while the managers will force it in which might affect the employees and their working conditions. Decision According to the above discussion, its clear that leaders can perform both duties they perform and those performed by managers.It would of great benefit to any organization if leaders are given more priority than managers for they have more skills than managers. They are among the most important asset the organization can have for they care about the company and employees. Leaders deliver more benefits to the company through administering the working process of the employee, they are attentive through out and have that personal skills to motivate workers therefore delivering the best to the company.Leaders dont struggle in seeking the process of achieving the organization goals for they are able to implement a road present to the goals without dictating to the employees, they are part of the reliable personnel that holds the companys corners, so, if the managers work is just to sit in the office good-looking directions, the lea der is out with other workers guiding them to achieve the goal in the easier way. Conclusion Leaders are able to understand the dynamics of influence and forefinger to their employees, through the strategies the leaders use they determine the roadmap the organization is going to follow to achieve the desired goal.Persuasive power possessed by the leaders makes the most useful human asset to the organization good leadership is determined by the achievements one achieves. Most managers are known to dictate the working map to achieve what they desire as the leaders will try to understand what the employees will do right to achieve the organization goals. Therefore it quite hard to understand the strategies a leader may use to influence the employees, there is no defined map the leaders use while every employee knows the interest of a manager is always result oriented.

Community Teaching Plan Essay

Nursing DiagnosisReadiness for Learning Identify the factors that would indicate the keenness to learn for the target aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to learn. Readiness to learn would include active engagement, excitement about learning new ship canal to manage diabetic regimen, asking questions about diabetes and treatment. Educator needs to define best way for patient to learn, and provide accomodations to that style.Learning Theory to Be apply Explain how the theory go out be applied.Goal Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) accusing(s) utilized as the goal for the teaching. Include the appropriate objective number and rule for using the selected HP2020 objective (use at least angiotensin converting enzyme objective from one of the 24 focus atomic number 18as). If an HP2020 objective does not support your teaching, explain how your teaching applies to one of the two overarching HP2020 goals.How Does This HP2020 Objective Relate to Alma Atas Health for All G lobal Initiatives (See page 116 in the textbook)?Develop Behavioral Objectives (Including Domains), Content, and Strategies/Methods Behavioral Objectiveand Domain practice Third-grade students will name one healthy food choice in each of the five food groups by the end of the presentation. (Cognitive Domain) Content(be specific)Example The forage Pyramid has five food groups which are. Healthy foods from each group are.Unhealthy foods containing a lot of sugar or fat are.Strategies/Methods(label and describe)Example Interactive poster presentation of the Food Pyramid. After an explanation of the poster and each food category, allow students to place pictures of foods on the correct have it away on the pyramid. Also, have the class analyze what a child had for lunch by putting names of foods on the poster and discussing what food group gloss over needs to be eaten throughout day.Creativity How was creativity applied in the teaching methods/stategies?Planned Evaluation of Object ives (Outcome Evaluation) Describe what you will measure for each objective and how. 1)Planned Evaluation of Goal Describe how and when you could evaluate the overall effectiveness of your teaching plan.Planned Evaluation of Lesson and Teacher (Process Evaluation)Barriers What are potential barriers that may work up during teaching and how will those be handled?Communication How will you begin your presentation (hook them in)? How will you end your presentation (go out with a bang)? What nonverbal communication techniques will you employ?

Rachel Carson Environment Essay

The Influence and Growth of the environmental tendency In todays fast society, people seem to ignore one of the well-nigh important factors of why we are alive planet man It provides us with water, fresh air, and a hold supply of natural resources. M otherwise earth has been a gracious host but it seems as if humans might be overstaying their visit. Modern day close businessmen try to squeeze every last drop of juice from earth. But soon, the earth will be all(a) dried up with no more juice to offer.Fortunately, thanks to the work of many environmentalists all around the world from the present day, the world may be able-bodied to recover from all its injuries caused by the insatiable human race. Rachel Carsons book Silent Spring, which spurred the environmental gesture, helped raise cognizance for the environment, warn humans of the dangers of using pesticides such as DDT, preserve several comprise and animal species, and make the atmosphere dry-cleaned Rachel Carsons Sile nt Spring, which was published in 1962, was undoubtedly a critical bend point in history which prompted attention to environmental bits.Some say that Carsons book was a marker for the beginning of the modern Americanenvironmental movement (Geary). Carson was a revolutionary and had an astounding influential power. Silent Spring highlighted many of the damages done to the environment by the use of pesticides (Kelly). This of course, attracted many scientists to begin researching the issue but had other benefits as well. Her work was so intriguing and influential that the vibrations ofher work resounded not unaccompanied in academia but in the nous of the public as well (Kelly).Truly, Carsons concerns caught the attention of many people, both scientists and the public. Because of her efforts, the environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 (Kelly). Rachel Carson spearheaded the Environmental campaign and helped raise awareness about the growing risks of damages cause d to the environment. In addition to the growth of awareness during the environmental movement, some dangers to animal life also grew. In her book, Rachel Carson explores the effects of pesticides.The most famous of these was dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), which had been used to control pest insects, equal mosquitoes and lice, in many countries (The Environmental Movement). Although Carson warned of the dangers of using these long-lasting pesticides, some insisted on the continuation of their usage. Farmers like DDT because it helped to control insect damage to their crops (The Environmental Movement). Obviously, there are effects to the use of such pesticides. Carson explains that, overtime, DDT and other long-lasting pesticides had come part of the food chain.This is due to the chemicals, remaining on plants and water after sprayings, were ingested by small animals, which were then eaten by larger animals, including humans (The Environmental Movement). Carson definite ly foresaw the dangers of using pesticides towards animal life and had a kind heart towards the lives of those several animal species that were being affected. She pointed out that these pesticides killed not only harmful insects like mosquitoes but also the ones that were innocent, such as bees, fish, and birds (The Environmental Movement).The environmental movement helped to preserve numerous species on planet earth. The earth is home to a vast variety of plants and animals. But, even with the slightest change to the environment, can completely devastate an ecosystem (The Environmental Movement). Protecting and preserving this rich animal life on earth was an important part of the environmental movement. In fact, one of the most of import issues of theenvironmental movementhas been the fight to protect animal and plant species from becoming nonextant (The Environmental Movement).This concern for animal extinction and preservation had several positive effects. For example, Congre ss passed the exist Species Preservation Act in 1966 in hopes of labored the extinction rate (The Environmental Movement). This law was a huge improvement for animal extinction rights and preservation. However, this law only applied to fish and wildlife, and only to species native to the United States (The Environmental Movement). A few years later, another law would be passed to encourage help the preservation efforts.This law was The Endangered Species Conservation Act, passed in 1969, which broadened coverage to offer greater protection to larger numbers of animals (The Environmental Movement). Another law passed in 1973, the Endangered Species Act, further strengthened protections for endangered species. This law helped define the term endangered species as one that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (The Environmental Movement). With the help of many federal agencies, combined with the efforts of other organizations as the World W ildlife Fund, a significant impact was do to elp preserve the lives of several plant and animal species throughout the environmental movement. During the environmental movement, some environmental hazards became the focus of attention and posed a severe brat to planet earths well-being. An important focal point of the environmental movement was global warming. Global warming is the warming of the earths modality due to the increase of harmful gases caused by human activitysuch as deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide, methane, and CFCs (The Environmental Movement).One of the ways to decrease greenhouse gases and other harmful emissions is to reduce the worlds dependence on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are oils that are created inside the earth but that are not renewable which take coal, natural gas, and oil CFCs (The Environmental Movement). The process of extracting these fossil fuels can be dangerous and annihilating. Mining for coal can have a devastating impact on the landscap e, leaving scars like deep holes and mountains with their tops shaved off as well as produce toxic waste that pollutes waterways (The Environmental Movement).There are drastic results that can occur to the burning of fossil fuels. The danger in burning natural gas results in emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane (The Environmental Movement). Of course, fossil fuels are an important cause in pollution, but another factor comes from the daily life of humans. Humans use their cars as an everyday transportation method but, the truth is, that it also increasing the CO2 levels in the air. Another factor of pollution comes from deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing of forests in company to make room for new development projects.Unfortunately, the logging of forests also results in increases in carbon dioxide (The Environmental Movement). Clearly, the world would be much cleaner if it werent for all these damaging emissions from gasses and fossil fuels. Rachel Ca rsons Silent Spring, helped to spearhead the important environmental movement that would change the way people look at the environment forever. Through her efforts, she was able to give people knowledge about the environment, warn humans of the risks of using harmful pesticides, protect many different plant and animal species, and, most importantly, make the earth a healthier place to live.Maybe if humans work together a little harder, they might be able to keep the earth juicy for just a view more centuries. Environmental activistRachel Carsonspeaks in favor of curbing the use of chemical pesticides and the aired spraying of crops, before a Senate subcommittee on June 4, 1963. AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS. REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION. (Silent Spring) A fogger machine sprays the pesticide DDT through residential streets patch people watch from their porches in 1949. At one time, people thought that DDT was not harmful to humans, only to disease-causing insects.The Library of Congress. (The E nvironmental Movement) Bibliography Durbin, capital of Minnesota T. Conservation and Preservation. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Ed. Carl Mitcham. Vol. 1. Detroit Macmillan role USA, 2005. 418- 420. Gale Virtual author Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. The Environmental Movement. American Social emend Movements Reference Library. Ed. Carol Brennan, et al. Vol. 1 Almanac. Detroit UXL, 2007. 151-190. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Nov. 2012 Geary, Daniel. Environmental Movement. Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 2003. 226-231. Gale Virtual Library. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Kelly, Evelyn B. The Rise of Environmental Science. Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 7 1950 to Present. Detroit Gale, 2001. 83-87. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. Silent Spring. American Decades Primary Sources. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 7 1960-1969. Detroit Gale, 2004. 553-556. Gale Virt ual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. Silent Spring. Literature and Its TimesProfiles of 300 Notable Literary work and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Vol. 4 World War II to the Affluent Fifties (1940-1950s). Detroit Gale, 1997. 337-342. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. Works Cited The Environmental Movement. American Social Reform Movements Reference Library. Ed. Carol Brennan, et al. Vol. 1 Almanac. Detroit UXL, 2007. 151-190. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Geary, Daniel. Environmental Movement. Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 2003. 226-231. Gale Virtual Library. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Kelly, Evelyn B. The Rise of Environmental Science. Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 7 1950 to Present. Detroit Gale, 2001. 83-87. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2012. Silent Spring. American Decades Primary Sou rces. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 7 1960-1969. Detroit Gale, 2004. 553-556. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2012.

Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay

In the short story essay Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle, a literary devise applied is setting. The trio different types of setting are physical, historical and geographic. He employs them threw out the essay giving us detailed information on what is going on. Boyle describes the lake as to be a place where some rather not go anymore do to its physical condition. The lake is physically set forth as loathly and murky, the mud banks glisten with broken glass and strewn with beer cans and the charred remains of bonfires pg 77. The narrator continues to describe the lake with such a horrid atmosphere when he and his friends arrive. Describing all things that come about in a place like that the bad breath of decay all around me pg 80, signifying that the Greasy Lake was not a place to be.In the Greasy Lake, the lake was once described by the narrator as a place that at one time would be described as Wakan. Wakan is the term the narrator tells us the Indians had employ to describe the lake. The narrator tells us that the Indians used the term to describe the clarity of its waters pg 77. The now noticeable change of the water from what the Indians considered as Wakan to being fetid and murky shows the significant change in the way society had felt to keep the lake. The dramatic turn is implied when the lake is described to be a place of where I stated above that of breath of decay. Also showing a change in society the narrator focuses on the use of drugs, violence, alcohol, and rape as to be reasons why the lake is the way it is.

Blood clotting enzyme Essay

Serine proteolytic enzyme proteins are important enzymes involved in the process of blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is an importance defense instrument that prevents the host mammal organism from losing excess blood or from forming unwanted blood clot. The process of coagulation can be initiated by both constitutional factors and extrinsic factors. A come down of event is fol showtimeed which activate these enzymes normally the enzymes are in alert state a condition called zymogens.Zymogens by their virtual condition of be inactive prevent unwanted blood change state which may have a far reaching consequence such as thrombosis. Blood clotting in a series of processes, in which the zymogens need to be activated by reacting with its glycoprotein co-factors. Among the serine protease is the thrombin enzyme factor five (v) amenable for clearing clot in the blood. The enzyme is usually present circulating in plasma which is made up of a single monomer chain, it life span can ra nge from 12 to 36 hours.In military man the main regulator in blood coagulation is erythrocytes leukemia cells which activate adenylate cyclase, the process is reversible by the interaction of Aalpa-thrombin with glycoprotein while b of import enhance the platelets interaction which initiate the proteolytic process. Fibrin-bound thrombin is cleaved by thrombin at a rattling specific site at the extracellular N-terminal, PAR-1 regulates a number of endothelial cell biology, vascular development but more so is a mediator of thrombin signaling.The human thrombin consist of two da Gamma chains namely the gamma A and gamma the final stage of coagulation of mammalian blood involves the cleavage of the four arginine and glycine bond. Binding studies shows both fibrin 1 and fibrin 2 with low affinity to the E domain and high book binding affinity at the extreme end of 408 to 425 on the gamma chain The mode of action involves conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by breaking the bonds in t he fibrinogen at a precise position of arginine and glycine where the fibrin peptides are released.The serine proteases require restructuring itself in order to match the key and lock model. The glycine at the position five is highly conserved because it is the one which occupy the active site which is determine by the acryl host during the substrate conformation. Asparagines 189 help the enzyme to easily recognize the substrate. The active site is entirely made of histidine 57, asparagines 102, serine 195 and serine 214.The reaction on many a times prefers position 1 to position 4 during remodeling, therefore the type of protein presence to a large extend determine the kind protease and also the kind of cleavage to lead place. Thrombin activation is regulated by pentapeptide of the COOH terminus of the factor (v) heavy chains. Thrombin and thrombin receptors is another regulatory point where they both posses strong protective barrier and at the aforesaid(prenominal) time cancer ous cells were eliminated by apoptosis. A study carried out using mitochondrial membranes which were depolarized using attenuated Catalase lead to controlled cell death.Statistical finding indicate that 30% of the population carried world wide indicated that activated peptide segment at position 4 of factor eight caused a substitution in V34L after binding the structure and analyzing the interaction according to (Brenda 2010). The switching of receptor is PAR-1-dependent signaling specifically to thrombin resulting inhibition of adhesion cell surface which activate thrombin the ligand occupancy position switches the protease receptor by signaling specifically to the thrombin.Human cell in culture indicated low amount of thrombin and receptor PAR-1 agonist induced strong anti-inflammatory activities which was secondary effect of the low concentration of thrombin after activation by P13 kinase and PAR-1. Thrombin like other enzymes is very specific in the binding domain and the inte rpolation loop which is determined by the residues involved in ligand binding as result of interaction glycoprotein and protease receptor on the platelet membrane. This uniqueness makes it very efficient in it task according to (Webert 2006).The enzyme play vital role in homeostasis, cell differentiation, thrombosis and activation of blood cell types, on exposure to phosphatidylserine on the outer surface the platelets were stimulated. A study done using heparin indicated an overlap of the active site, which was attributed to the interaction of thrombin and the gamma peptide chains to the external and the interaction to the active site in close proximity to the Na+ of the substrate. The role of the enzyme can be explained in terms of NA+ binding to thrombin on the basis of prothrombotic and procoagulant.The cascade is a continuous cycle of events that are activated by two factors ,factor (ix) and factor (viii) to form tenase complex which is discontinued by down standard that blow over in the following mechanism which include serpin (serine protease inhibitors) which function to degrade thrombin and other activation factors, it can also be regulated by protein C where thromodulin bind to it and is inactivate in the presence of protein S, limiting the action of tissue factor by the tissue factor pathway inhibitors by inhibiting excessive TF intermediate activation of factor (ix) and factor (x), plasmin help to degrade fibrin hence preventing more fibrin being formed and lastly but not the least regulation through adenylate cyclase pathway by inhibiting platelet activation by decreasing cytosol level of calcium which ultimately result to decreased release of granules which are responsible for the activation of more platelets and coagulation cascade. In conclusion the work play by thrombin enzyme is of paramount importance considering the complexity of the enzyme kinetics involved in the human body.References Brenda Enzyme database retrieved on 13 August 2010 from http//www. brenda-enzymes. org/php/result_flat. php4? ecno=3. 4. 21. 5 Furie B, Furie BC (2005). Thrombus formation in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (12) retrieved on 12 August 2010 from http//www. jci. org/cgi/content/full/115/12/3355. Webert KE, Cook RJ, Sigouin CS, (2006). The risk of bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients with acute myeloid leukemia. haematologica .

Sociocultural Influences on a Person’s Attitude Towards Physical Exercise and Heath

Sociocultural Influences on a somebodys attitude towards Physical Exercise and Health. Humans be by disposition social beings. In trying to determine what makes us feel fulfilled, psychologists have found that a sense of touch of social connection or relatedness is near the top of the list of what we need to experience. We appear to be happiest when we successfully connect with others. Much of what we say and do is motivated by a desire to appear homogeneousable, to move in social approval, to solidify group membership, to manage self-image, or to gain social tide over.Sociocultural factors that twine a persons attitude towards Health and Physical apply can be classified into three groups. They are * Self- put forwardation * Social Influence (social norms and persuasion) * Social support Self-presentation The number one most influential factor on how sociocultural influences do have on ones attitude towards health and physiological exercise. Self-presentation is where a pers on tries to influence others on the perception of their own image.People make many different attempts to manage how others sentiment them because other people control many of the things we want to obtain, such as friendship, financial resources, or occupational group advancement, we strive to gain others approval or avoid rejection. In exercise and physical activity settings, these attempts to present ourselves favourably may have either positive or negative effects on our strivings to be physically active. For example, Tim is slightly overweight and has dietary habits that arent exactly the best and decide to join a secondary school.Tim doesnt want to go and run on the treadmill next to a super sum up world class athlete because his figure and athletic ability are notably different and he doesnt wish to embarrass himself. We see in this example that Tim has this idea that because he isnt the said(prenominal) as the super fit world class athlete that he isnt healthy and indeed he is reluctant to exercise because hes afraid of embarrassing himself. Its people like Tim that are changing who they are and what they are trying to achieve because of either the public opinion or their friends opinion.Self-presentation is a major factor in influencing a persons attitude towards health and physical exercise and the way they general perceive themselves in amongst the group or the community. Social Influence spare-time activity in contributing factors that influence a persons attitude towards health and physical exercise is Social Influence. Social influence is when an individuals thoughts, feelings or actions are affected by other peoples opinions. If you have ever been in an audience at a large musical or histrionics performance, you may have noticed that the audience tends to clap in unison and stop clapping at the same time.You may have even started to clap when no one else did only to feel goosey and quickly stop clapping. What you are experiencing in these situations is the ability of social influence specifically, social norms and conformity. Social influence can be defined as a real or imaginary pressure exerted by others that shapes our behaviour. While self-presentation describes our actions or attempts to project a positive image to others, social influence describes the pressure exerted by others to influence our action.In exercise and physical activity settings, there are numerous examples of the power of social influence. get together a fitness club because other friends pressure you join, or your teenagers desire to purchase the latest pair of basketball shoes because Michael Jordan wears them and touts them on commercial television are both examples of the power of social influence. Social Support Finally, the last group called Social Support. Social Support provides reassurance and/or assistance, instruction or feedback through contact with other individuals or groups.People do not exercise merely to purport good in o thers eyes or because we have been persuaded by others to do so. sometimes people exercise because they obtain social benefits from physical activity involvement. An example would be Fiona is out ravel on her own and feels vulnerable and exposed and feels like everyone else watching is laughing at her. She joins a gym group that runs regularly and finds comfort in the fact that she isnt the only person who may be struggling. The frequency or type of social contacts may have a strong influence on the general well-being of the person as we see in the example.As a whole, physical activity participation appears to be nurtured when there is a socially supportive atmosphere or when participants perceive social support when striving for their exercise goals. Plus having feedback from others that boosts their self-esteem helps and allows them to have the opportunity to find a group in which they feel comfortable and are supported emotionally and tangibly and are able to obtain helpful gu idance or advice from other exercisers, friends, family, or exercise leaders.In conclusion, the contributing factors mentioned above have a material impact on the entire health spectrum. Emotional, Physical, Mental, Spiritual and Social aspects are all affected in how sociocultural factors influence a persons ability towards a healthy lifestyle and staying physically active. Bibliography Title Pgs 1, 2,3,4,5 Sydney Distance Education High School, PD/H/PE 2013 PD/H/PE Second interpretation Textbook, 2009 by Oxford University Press (copyright)

Focus On Learner Pronunciation Problems Essay

In Portuguese, R at the beginning of intelligence activitys, at the stop of words, or before a consonant is averd like H. Many Brazilian students carry this habilitate into English words, pronouncing restaurant as hestaurant and far as fah. Its especially common when the English word and the Portuguese word are similar, much(prenominal) as in restaurant and regular. SOLUTION First, I get hold of my students work on pronouncing the English R sound by itself. I demonstrate the correct rim position and they imitate me. Then, we work on each word while exaggerating the R sound so we say rrr concoctrrr, for example. Finally, we normal making that exaggerated R sound shorter and shorter until the student gets used to saying remember with an English R. It feels a little ridiculous, but it works fuss Similar wordsFortunately, Portuguese and English have a lot of true cognates words that are similar in both languages, such as area, animal, culture, noted, music, romantic, hambur ger, and sports. This makes it easier to remember the vocabulary but more difficult to remember to pronounce the words the English way. SOLUTION To show the difference in the sounds, I make comparisons with words that they already know and pronounce well in English The a in animal is like the a in and, for example. I also draw attention to syllable stress popular in English vs. popular in Portuguese. PROBLEM Final consonantsPortuguese doesnt have letters like D, T, G, P, and K at the end of words, so its common for Brazilian students to accidentally add a little vowel sound at the end of English words so big sounds like bigg-ee and stop becomes stopp-ee. One of the most famous is difficult turning into difficulty which is also an English word, but the first is an adjective and the second is a noun. SOLUTION I start with words ending in P because theyre the easiest to practice we practice saying stop, help, and others, and I tell them to keep their lips together for a second at the end, then shift them without making an extra sound. Then we move on to rock, get, thing, good, and so on, again, holding the final consonant for a moment before releasing it soundlessly.

An Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

reincarnation humanists believed that if you want to build a moral society, you must begin with the facts of human nature. Basically, this means that their beliefs are root on what can be seen, touched, and heard. Shakespeares play A Mid marriagemer shadows inhalation crossed the boundaries of humanism and Shakespeare actually put in the play elements which humanists believe did not exist.For humanists, Nature itself constitutes the sum total of reality, that matter and not mind is the foundation-stuff of the universe, and that spiritual entities simply do not exist. (Lamont 145). This follows naturally that wad then were with little, if at all, imaginative, and creative tendency. They were not keen to elements in literature such as fairies, or other supernatural beings elements which are present in Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream. In the century preceding Shakespeare, humanist plays were often considered dull and moralistic, as they were often in didactic form.Also, a nother attitude of Humanism towards the universe like its judgment as to the nature and chance of man, is grounded on solid scientific fact. (Lamont 145). They believed that man was the cream of the crop of Gods creation, and that the earth and everything that revolves more or less it are the center of the universe. Again, its not difficult to imagine that consequently, this philosophy not only affects the scientific aspect of the era, still also the culture, including literature and other arts. People also took a belief in the interconnectedness of things, for example a physician administering a medicine according to the position of the planets.But A Midsummer Nights Dream, written sometime in the late 1500s seemed to have crossed boundaries. introductory of all, there are supernatural elements in the play which sort of went against the Humanist philosophy about supernatural entities not existing. Actually, the play is nothing short of charming. Not only do the mortals in the play associated with fairies, but the plot is manipulated by Puck, a hobgoblin. seam, on the other hand symbolizes a culture that survived from the Middle Ages until the Elizabethan times wherein reign donkeys dressed up as bishops or dogs with Hosts in their teeth would appear in court masques. (Bloom 73).Spirits and fairies cannot be represented, they cannot even be painted, they can only be believed. (Bloom 87). Apparently, this is not in line with Humanist philosophy, and this is what Shakespeares play brought battalion to believe also after the plays publication. A Midsummer Nights Dream is Shakespeares first period of experiment with rum form. (Bloom 7). Compared to his tragedies, this comedy not only was a trailblazer for rediscovery of classical literature, it also knits together a function of different historical times and places, literary traditions, character types, and modes of thought. (Bloom 7).Humanists also believed that whatever he does man is a living unity of body and personality, an inter-functioning 1ness of mental, emotional and physical qualities. (Lamont 274). Apparently, in the play, when Puck put the magical love juice in the eyes of Demetrius, Lysander, and Titania, this premise is not evident anymore, as they were not in their right minds when pursuing different love interests.However, while Shakespeare challenged Humanism through with(predicate) his play, he also submited his influences through the characters, the plot and the sub-plot.Italian renascence was an event which influenced Shakespeare in a lot of his works, but Italian Renaissance differs slightly from the English Renaissance, aside from the fact that it preceded the English Renaissance. Italian Renaissance was centered more on visual arts but sonnets also bloomed through Petrarch and Boccaccio. By the time Italian Renaissance was access to an end and English Renaissance was blooming, writers were then rediscovering the classical literatures from the Italian Ren aissance and picked up the sonnets. Shakespeare apparently was one of those writers.Shakespeares influences with regard to some elements in the play come from Italian artists like the poet Ovid and the author Apulieus, which show Shakespeares rediscovery of the classical literature coming from the Italian Renaissance. For example, the story of Pyramus and Thisbe is told in Ovids Metamorphoses and the transformation of Bottom into an ass is descended from Apuleius The Golden Ass. Elements such as these show how vast Shakespeares influences are, and how experimental the play has break down compared to his previous tragedies in terms of the characters and the plot. I can say that through Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, people looked at themselves differently, and appreciated more the beauty of the arts. Before Shakespeare, people seemed stuck-up and were conformed to being moralized by their literature. While it was necessary at that time, change is really inevitable. And through Shakespeares experimentation in the said comedy, different discoveries and rediscoveries enabled people to try out new things.Throughout the Renaissance, there was a significant change in the way people looked at the interconnectedness of things. Writers and thinkers questioned the connections, while retaining a sense of their beauty as symbols. A major change which this era experienced is that people see the correspondences of things from literal to symbolic, and appreciated more the beauty of the symbols.Works CitedBloom, Harold, ed. William Shakespeares a Midsummer Nights Dream. New York Chelsea House, 1987Lamont, Corliss. Humanism as a Philosophy. New York Philosophical Library, 1949.A Midsummer Nights Dream. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Medicare and Medicaid Essay

Medicaid and Medicargon argon two different political relation architectural plans. Both programs were created in 1965 to attention older and pathetic-income families be able to buy their own hole-and-corner(a) health indemnification. These programs were enforce way of President Lyndon Johnsons Great Society end, a commitment to jockstraping meet the needs of indivi dual health reverence. They are social policy programs, which each(prenominal)ow the financial load of patients illnesses to be shared by separate healthy, sick, wealthy, and lower income individuals and families. Medicaid insurance covers approximately 60 million Americans, according to their income. Medicaid is larger than any opposite single private health insurance program. The criteria for participating would include those who are unable to work delinquent to disabilities, anyone who receives Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), as well as single, pregnant women who fall below the Federal meagreness Level (FPL). In 2011, the FPL for a family of intravenous feeding was set at $22,350. This amount is updated course of studyly. Medicaid also helps those who are part of the Supplemental Social Security Income (SSI) program (Mann, 2012). Funding for Medicaid comes from the government as well as each terra firmas department of SSI. They are also responsible for administering funds.In the different hand, Medi give burster is a federal government program that offers individual health care insurance to those who are 65 or older, and/or have a disability, no matter what their income level. Taxes that are deducted from ones payroll helps pay for the Medicare program. Medicare is intend to benefit seniors, younger people with specific disabilities, and people with end stage renal disease. The Medicare program has four parts wears A, B, C, and D. The social security department pays for a portion of Part A. Part A helps pay for inpatient hospital care, skilled care for car e, hospice care and other table function. Part B is paying(a) for by the monthly premiums of people enrolled and by general funds from the U.S. Treasury. It helps pay for doctors fees, outpatient hospital visits, and other medical exam operate and supplies that are non covered by Part A. Part C (Medicare Advantage) plans allow you to film to receive all of your health care services through a provider organization. These plans may help lower your personifys of receiving medical services, or you may get extra benefits for an additional monthly fee.You must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) have both Parts A and B to enroll in Part C. Part D (prescription drug coverage) is voluntary and the be are remunerative for by the monthly premiums of enrollees and Medicare. Unlike Part B in which you are automatically enrolled and must opt out if you do not want it, with Part D you have to opt in by filling out a form and enrolling in an approved plan. The history of Medicare bega n decades ago in 1945, when President Harry Truman had a vision that Americans should have inexpensive health care. He fought for the idea, but it was an idea before its time. Medicare is a health care insurance program, which place simply is overseen by the United State Federal Government. Today the chain of acronyms, which oversee Medicare, leads to health and pitying Services, HHS, and the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services, CMS. In 1945 Harry Truman was called a socialist. Today the same label has been pinned on President Obama. peradventure the real question might be how does a country provide all of its citizens and residents health care without some level of socialism? In 1965 when Lyndon Johnson was President, he signed into law Medicare and Medicaid, which is a program that offers attention to the indigent population.Ironically, the first person to enroll in Medicare was the former President Harry Truman. Over the spare-time activity days, from 1965 to presen t, the provisions of Medicare have expanded. In 1972 benefits for speech therapy, physical therapy and chiropractic visits were added. This was also the year that payments to health maintenance organizations were added to the potence benefits. It was 1982 when hospice benefits were added on a temporary basis. Hospice became a permanent benefit in 1984. The next big transport came in 1997 when Medicare added a Part C, Medicare Plus Choice which translates as health insurance programs offered by private companies but approved by Medicare. When Medicare first went into effect the monthly premium for Part B, medical insurance, was three dollars. As it stands today in year 2010, Part A, hospital premium, is $254 to $461 per month. Part B, the medical insurance portion, is $96.40 for those individuals whose income does not exceed a certain amount. There are also multiple co-pays and carve-outs, which further increase the cost to the patient.The ceiling restrictions put on various cost, such as the daily allotment for hospital stay and skilled treat facilities, often do not fully cover the patients expenses. Today, Medicare recipients must carefully review their Medicare benefits and compare and contrast them with their private insurance. Some providers do not take wise Medicare patients. There are benefits that are the responsibility of the Federal government, and others that belong to the State government. It is a challenge for elderly patients to even understand their benefits. Medicaid and Medicare both play important parts in paying for health care for seniors. They are, however, very different. There are many another(prenominal) details, but here are three big differences. variableness First, Medicare is more or less the same in every advance, but Medicaid rules vary widely state by state. You must know which state a senior is living in, before you can determine whether they are eligible for Medicaid, for example.Eligibility The second difference is e ligibility. All seniors who paying into the Social Security system are eligible for Medicare. By contrast, Medicaid is a welfare program, so that a senior must have low income and limited assets in order to qualify. Those income and resource limits vary by state. Usually seniors apply for Medicaid through a local Medicaid office or begin the application process with the help of a nursing syndicate or other facilitys staff member. Coverage The third difference is coverage. Medicare currently pays for 80% of the cost of doctors and hospitals. Congress is now considering whether to add coverage for prescriptions. Medicare will pay for part of nursing fellowship costs during the first 100 days after a hospital stay, but not otherwise. By contrast, Medicaid provides the bulk of funding of nursing home residents in the nation. Often a senior enters a nursing home with certain assets and has to pay for the cost of care until they reach out of money.Then Medicaid steps in and pays for th e remaining part of the nursing home stay. If the senior is married, the spouse not living in the nursing home gets to keep a modest amount of income and resources in order not to be impoverished. Currently, all states must allow a spouse to keep at to the lowest degree $1,383 of the monthly family income and at least $16,824 of non-exempt resources. Certain resources are exempt, of which the most important is their confidential information residence, if they own it. It is possible to transfer certain assets to other family members, but the rules are strict and vary by state. You may also be able to begin Medicaid-funded services for the senior in his/her home. Eligibility requirements vary by state. The varying structures of Medicaid and Medicare health care plans have resulted to inappropriate incentives with respect to dual eligibility in beneficiaries without coordinated care. The main interest of both health care plans is to come forth medical costs and none of the plans h as an incentive that accounts for the quality of health care services offered. Medicare program is run by the federal government and individuals who are eligible for the program are those above 65 years of age, irrespective of their earning and young individuals who are modify and have qualified for Social Securitys disability.Medicaid on the other size is a health care plan run by the state and provides insurance cover for all income-based employees of all ages. One of the key strengths of both plans is that that they give individuals a chance for dual eligibility. It is essential to offer extensive acute as well as long-term health care services for dually eligible beneficiaries of both Medicaid and Medicare. One major weakness of Medicare is the fact that it does not provide insurance cover for services like acute care dental, transport services and vision services. The major service that is not covered by Medicare is long-term care. Moreover, it majorly covers for the elderly a nd does not serve the population that is below 65 years. Medicaid on the other part has a weakness in that it is more costly compared to Medicare. Moreover, unmarried patients must be financially broke in order to qualify for Medicaid. It is however evident that all services that are not covered by Medicare are paid by Medicaid health program. Medicaid and Medicare have been the principal means through which a large portion of the population gains access to health care in the United States.It is however evident that Medicaid is more committed toward promoting health care access compared to Medicare. In the year 1960, about ten million United States citizens were enrolled in Medicaid. This number has gradually increased and currently, the program covers a total number of citizens exceeding forty one million. The minimal commitment of Medicare is owed to the fact that there has been no primary working out of eligibility requirements from the 1970s. A good example of Medicaid expansio n program that has led to increased handiness to health care is the State Childrens Health Insurance Program. This program provides insurance cover to children from low-income families. With the ever-rising costs of health care, both Medicare and Medicaid health plans are struggling to establish equilibrium between access expansion and cost regulation. A major similarity between both plans is that the government funds them and they work in partnership to provide health care costs cover to the poor and elderly population. The cost offshoot peril is one of the consumer trys associated with both Medicare and Medicaid health care plans. Inadequate health care services, is a consumer risk associated with Medicaid.With the increasing number of insured patients, there are inadequate primary care doctors. Physicians in majority of the states are discouraged by Medicaid health care plan. It is therefore common for individuals covered by Medicaid plan to report poorer health condition com pared to the uninsured and those covered by private programs. A feature associated with Medicare program is prohibiting doctors from receiving health care payment that is more than the amount supposed to be paid by Medicare beneficiaries. It is gum olibanum not surprising to find some physicians refusing to provide health care services to Medicare patients on the suit that the program pays an amount that is less than the costs. Fraud and waste, is another consumer risk that is associated with Medicaid and Medicare health care programs. With so many people enrolled in these programs, fraud is a common issue. The issue of waste and fraud is prevalent repayable to the fact that there is limited oversight to suppliers, providers and other people taking part in the health care plans. There are some passs that be suggested to improve the health care plan. One of the recommendations for Medicaid is to give greater support to uniform eligibility.This would help in solving the issue of u nmarried patients requirement to be low-income earners so as to be insured. Another recommendation is for the program to increase the amount of money paid to physicians taking part in the program. This would increase accessibility and the quality of health care services provided to Medicaid patients. due to the fact that Medicaid is more expensive compared to Medicare, effort should be made to reduce the costs. This would also minimize the consumer risk of increased costs. One recommendation for Medicare program is expansion of coverage, access and eligibility requirements. Currently, only people aged 65 and above are eligible for Medicare cover. Including the rest of the population would promote accessibility to health care. Another recommendation is reduction in Medicare spending, which help in cutting down the costs of health care services for insured patients. It is also recommendable for Medicare to expand the range of services provided to beneficiaries. Long-term health care services and other services like transport services should be issued.This is owed to the fact that the beneficiaries are the elderly population and disabled children who may have limited access to transportation facilities. In conclusion Medicare and Medicaid are two U.S. government programs that guarantee health insurance for the elderly and the poor, respectively. With Medicare, medical bills are paid from trust funds, which those covered, have paid into. It serves people over 65 primarily, whatever their income and serves younger disabled people and dialysis patients.Patients pay part of costs through deductibles for hospital and other costs. Small monthly premiums are required for non-hospital coverage. Medicare is basically the same over in the United States and is run by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, an agency of the federal government. Medicaid is an assistance program in which checkup bills are paid from federal, state and local tax funds. It serves low-inc ome people of every age. Patients usually pay no part of costs for covered medical expenses. A small co-payment is sometimes required. Medicaid is a federal-state program. It varies from state to state. The state and local governments within federal guidelines run Medicaid.References1. Fong, Tony. (2005). Assessing Four Decades of Medicare, Medicaid, 6-7, 24, 42 http//hs1.farmingdale.edu2177/docview/211948589/13AE0E52EFA2427EF35/8?accountid=80662. Berkowitz, Edward (2008). Medicare and Medicaid The Past as Prologue. Health Care Financing Review29. 3 81-93 http//hs1.farmingdale.edu2177/docview/196958775?accountid=80663. Carlson, G. (2009). Difference between Medicaid and Medicare. Health Feature articles http//missourifamilies.org/features/healtharticles/health46.htm4. Medicaid and Medicare, pgs. 1-16http//www.coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=4d81849a-33fa-40c0-a995-e7f17b1d8a475. Pamela Farley Short, Lauren McCormack, Judith Hibbard, crowd A. Shaul, Lauren H arris-Kojetin, Michael H. Fox, Peter Damiano, Jennifer D. Uhrig and Paul D. Cleary (2002). Similarities and Differences in Choosing Health Plans. Medical Care, 40(4), 289-302 http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3767833?uid=3739832&uid=2129&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=211014694380316. The total heat J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2009). Focus on Health Reform. Health Reform Opportunities Improving Policy for Dual Eligible, pgs. 1-7 http//www.kff.org/medicaid/ transfer/7957.pdf