Saturday, September 14, 2019
The Lost Tribes of Israel Claims by Herbert Armstrong
The Lost Tribes of Israel Catholic. com Around 926 b. c. , the kingdom of Israel split in two. Up to that point, all twelve tribes of Israel (plus the priestly tribe of Levi) had been united under the monarchies of Saul, David, and Solomon. But when Solomonââ¬â¢s son Rehoboam ascended to the throne, the ten Northern tribes rebelled and seceded from the union. This left only two tribesââ¬âJudah and Benjamin (plus much of Levi)ââ¬âunder the control of the king in Jerusalem. From that time on, the tribes were divided into two nations, which came to be called the House of Israel (the Northern ten tribes) and the House of Judah (the Southern two tribes).This situation continued until around 723 B. C. , when the Assyrians conquered the Northern kingdom. To keep conquered nations in subjection, it was Assyrian policy to break them up by deporting their native populations to other areas and resettling the land with newcomers. When the House of Israel was conquered, most people bel onging to the ten Northern tribes were deported and settled elsewhere in the Assyrian kingdom, including places near Nineveh, Haran, and on what is now the Iran-Iraq border.They were replaced by settlers from locations in or near Babylon and Syria. These settlers intermarried, together with the remaining Israelites, and became the Samaritans mentioned in the New Testament (a few hundred of whom still survive today). The Israelites who had been deported also intermarried with the peoples of the places where they had been resettled. They eventually lost their distinct identity, disappeared, and their culture was lost to history. Some refer to them as ââ¬Å"the lost tribes of Israel. ââ¬Å"A movement called ââ¬Å"British Israelismâ⬠claims to have found the ten ââ¬Å"lost tribes,â⬠however, and in some very unlikely places. For many years, one of the leaders in the British Israelism movement was Herbert W. Armstrong, founder of the self-proclaimed ââ¬Å"Worldwide Church of God. â⬠Especially for Americans, Armstrong was just about the only person they ever heard advocating British Israelism. With his own paid television program, Armstrong regularly advertised his book The United States and Britain in Prophecy, which advocated the view. British Israelism was not Armstrongââ¬â¢s only eccentric view.Among other things, he believed in Saturday rather than Sunday worship and, most seriously, he rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and claimed that individual humans could be added to the Godhead. After Armstrongââ¬â¢s death, the Worldwide Church of God did a serious review of the doctrines it had taught up to that point and moved to a more biblically and theologically orthodox position. Today, the organization is basically another Evangelical Protestant church (they have even been admitted to the National Association of Evangelicals), though with a few distinctive practices.Many of their congregations still worship on Saturdays, for example, b ut they no longer regard keeping the Jewish Sabbath and feasts as points of doctrine. They have embraced the doctrine of the Trinity, denied that created beings can become part of the Godhead, and acknowledged that other churches contain true Christians. They have also rejected the distinctive idea behind British Israelismââ¬âthe claim that the lost tribes of Israel are to be specially identified with the Anglo-Saxons.Unfortunately, there are still advocates of British Israelism out there (including some groups that split off from the Worldwide Church of God when it underwent its doctrinal renewal), and, though the book is out of print, Herbert W. Armstrongââ¬â¢s The United States and Britain in Prophecy continues to circulate. The United States and Britain in Prophecy teaches the notion that the Lost Tribes of Israel are really the descendants of Anglo-Saxons, which is to say the British and Americans of British extraction. This exotic doctrine had been around for decades be fore Herbert W.Armstrong founded his church in 1933, and it appeals, naturally enough, to those of British heritage. After all, who wouldnââ¬â¢t want to be a member of the ââ¬Å"chosen raceâ⬠(assuming there is one)? And according to Armstrong, thatââ¬â¢s precisely what the Anglo-Saxons areââ¬âGodââ¬â¢s chosen race, where can be found the direct descendants of King David and, even today, the true ââ¬Å"heirsâ⬠to King Davidââ¬â¢s throne. The United States and Britain in Prophecy opens with this epigraph: ââ¬Å"The prophecies of the Bible have been grievously misunderstood. And no wonder!For the vital key, needed to unlock prophetic doors to understanding, had become lost. That key is a definite knowledge of the true identity of the American and British peoples in biblical prophecy. â⬠Only the first sentence of this epigraph is strictly correct, and a good share of the ââ¬Å"grievous misunderstandingâ⬠is by people who put faith in the writing s of Herbert W. Armstrong. The Argument Begins ââ¬Å"We know Bible prophecies definitely refer to Russia, Italy, Ethiopia, Libya, and Egypt of today. Could they then ignore modern nations like Britain and America?Is it reasonable? â⬠This is how the argument begins, and notice what kind of argument it is. If these ââ¬Å"lesserâ⬠countries are mentioned in Scripture, would it be fair for God to ignore us, important as we are? (We wonââ¬â¢t examine here the highly dubious premise that Russia is mentioned in Scripture. ) You might call this an ââ¬Å"appeal to pride. â⬠Never fear, says Armstrong. ââ¬Å"The fact is, [the British and Americans] are mentioned more often than any other race [sic]. Yet their prophetic identity has remained hidden to the many. Why is that? you ask. Because the Bible doesnââ¬â¢t refer to them by their modern names, but by an ancient name. And what is that name? None other than Israel. ââ¬Å"Hold it! â⬠you say. The people who ca me from Israel are Jews. Britons and Americans, for the most part, arenââ¬â¢t Jewish. How can one claim otherwise? Easily. Armstrong assures us that, ââ¬Å"The house of Israel is not Jewish! Those who constitute it are not Jews, and never were! That fact we shall now see conclusively, beyond refute. â⬠Actually, there is something of a point here.The term ââ¬Å"Jewâ⬠originated as a way of referring to the people of the southern kingdom of Judah, whether their own tribe was Judah, Benjamin, or Levi. The term appears late in Israelââ¬â¢s historyââ¬âafter the division into northern and southern kingdomsââ¬âand it can be fairly claimed that the term does not apply to the members of the ten northern tribes, who are properly known as ââ¬Å"Israelitesâ⬠since they belonged to the House of Israel rather than the House of Judah. Armstrong asserted: ââ¬Å"Certainly this proves that the Jews are a different nation altogether from the House of Israel,â⬠cl aims Armstrong. The Jews of today are Judah! They call their nation ââ¬ËIsraelââ¬â¢ today because they, too, descend from the patriarch Israel or Jacob. But remember that the ââ¬ËHouse of Israelââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬âthe ten tribes that separated from Judahââ¬âdoes not mean Jew! Whoever the lost ten tribes of Israel are today, they are not Jews! â⬠ââ¬Å"By the year 721 B. C. , the House of Israel was conquered and its people were soon driven out of their own landââ¬âout of their homes and citiesââ¬âand carried captives to Assyria, near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea! â⬠So it was in 721 B.C. that the Lost Tribes got ââ¬Å"lost. â⬠The Year Nothing Happened Had the tribes remained faithful to God, all would have been well, Armstrong explains. ââ¬Å"But, if they refused and rebelled, they were to be punished seven timesââ¬âa duration of 2,520 yearsââ¬âin slavery, servitude, and want. â⬠They did rebel, and Armstrong theorizes that their punishment extended from 721 B. C. to A. D. 1800. And what remarkable thing happened in 1800? Well, if we donââ¬â¢t count the election of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency of the United States, not a whole lot.In fact, 1800 was a pretty dull year for history. But Armstrong disagrees, saying that from that date, Britain and America became world powers; the former (at that time) politically, and the latter economically (and later, also politically). According to Armstrongââ¬â¢s scheme, the figure of ââ¬Å"2,520 years of punishmentâ⬠is arrived at by multiplying the ââ¬Å"seven years of punishmentâ⬠by 360ââ¬âthe number of days in the year as it was reckoned by the ancientsââ¬âon the principle that each ââ¬Å"dayâ⬠of punishment really stood for a whole year of punishment.If you think this is convoluted reasoning, just wait until you read the remainder of the argument in The United States and Britain in Prophecy. Itââ¬â¢s enough to note here th at Armstrong determines from Scripture that the Lost Tribes ended up on islands in the sea, and these islands are northwest of Palestine. Weââ¬â¢re told, for example, that the forty-ninth chapter of Isaiah begins with, ââ¬Å"Listen, O isles, unto me. â⬠Do you see how this suggests the British Isles? Armstrong says, ââ¬Å"Take a map of Europe.Lay a line due northwest of Jerusalem across the continent of Europe, until you come to the sea, and then to the islands in the sea! This line takes you direct to the British Isles! â⬠The skeptic might note that the line first comes to the Aegean islands, which are also in the seaââ¬âthe Mediterranean Seaââ¬âbut this would mean the Greeks are the Lost Tribes, therefore, the theory would not play into the desires of some British or Americans to identify themselves with the lost tribes. Linguistic Legerdemain You want more proof? Armstrong has it. The House of Israel,â⬠he explains, ââ¬Å"is the ââ¬Ëcovenant peopl e. ââ¬â¢ The Hebrew word for ââ¬Ëcovenantââ¬â¢ is brit [bââ¬â¢rith]. And the word for ââ¬Ëcovenant man,ââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëcovenant people,ââ¬â¢ would therefore sound, in English word order, Brit-ish (the word ish means ââ¬Ëmanââ¬â¢ in Hebrew, and it is also an English suffix on nouns and adjectives). And so, is it mere coincidence that the true covenant people today are called the ââ¬ËBritishââ¬â¢? And they reside in the ââ¬ËBritish Islesââ¬â¢! â⬠This reasoning may impress some, but no linguist would take this seriously.The word ââ¬Å"Britishâ⬠is not derived from Hebrew but from the Celtic word Brettas. Itââ¬â¢s significant that the Celtic Brettas referred to the Britons, who were inhabitants of England before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons that Armstrong claims were Israelites. One possible reason for Armstrongââ¬â¢s linguistic confusions may be that in Websterââ¬â¢s Diction-ary (for example, in the 3,200-page unabridged ed ition published in 1932ââ¬âan edition Armstrong may have had access to) the entry for bââ¬â¢rith (Hebrew: covenant) appears sandwiched between the entries for ââ¬Å"Britannicâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Briticism. Perhaps he simply didnââ¬â¢t read carefully enough and assumed, wrongly, that bââ¬â¢rith must somehow be etymologically connected with the other the words before and after pertaining to things British. Neither does the common English suffix -ish derive from the Hebrew word for man. Instead, it derives from the Greek diminutive suffix -iskos It was bad enough to suggest that the word ââ¬Å"Britishâ⬠is Hebrew, but he also made another claim: If you take the name ââ¬Å"Isaac,â⬠you see itââ¬â¢s easy for someone to drop the ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠when speaking quickly and to end up with ââ¬Å"Saacâ⬠as the name of the patriarch.He had descendants, of course, and these may be called ââ¬Å"Saacââ¬â¢s sons,â⬠from which we get the word ââ¬Å"Saxons. à ¢â¬ ââ¬Å"Is it only coincidence,â⬠asks Armstrong, ââ¬Å"that ââ¬ËSaxonsââ¬â¢ sounds the same as ââ¬ËSaacââ¬â¢s sonsââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬âsons of Isaac? â⬠This doesnââ¬â¢t even qualify as a coincidence, since Armstrong had to make up the nickname of ââ¬Å"Saacâ⬠in order for the ââ¬Å"coincidenceâ⬠to exist. In reality, the term ââ¬Å"Saxonâ⬠is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word ââ¬Å"seax,â⬠which means knife or dagger, not the Hebrew word ââ¬Å"Isaacâ⬠(Yitskhaq), which means ââ¬Å"laughterâ⬠(cf.Gen. 17:15ââ¬â19, 18:9ââ¬â15). Another Remarkable Coincidence? Armstrong found other coincidences. When the Lost Tribes were scattered, he says, they ââ¬Å"brought with them certain remarkable things, including a harp and a wonderful stone called lia-fail, or stone of destiny. A peculiar coincidence is that Hebrew reads from right to left, while English reads from left to right. Read this name either wayââ¬âand it still is lia-fail. Another strange coincidenceââ¬âor is it just coincidence? is that many kings in the history of Ireland, Scotland, and England have been coronated sitting over a remarkable stoneââ¬âincluding the present queen [sic]. The stone rests today in Westminster Abbey in London, and the coronation chair is built over and around it. A sign once beside it labeled it ââ¬ËJacobââ¬â¢s pillar-stone. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ Here Armstrongââ¬â¢s argument becomes even weaker. After all, one could note that Hebrew and English are not the only languages which, when contrasted, are read in different directions. For example, Arabic is read right to left, while Gaelic is read left to right.What does that prove? Nothing! Just as Armstrongââ¬â¢s muddled reasoning proves nothing at all about a connection between Hebrew and English. If it did, one could just as easily ââ¬Å"proveâ⬠that the Lost Tribes were also responsible for bringing the Blarney Stone with them. And that ââ¬â¢s just plain blarney. Armstrongismââ¬â¢s Appeal What makes Armstrongââ¬â¢s notion so attractive to some folks? First, it appeals to their nationalistic vanity: ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m of English descent, and now I see that Iââ¬â¢m right in the thick of things, biblically speaking.Having English blood in my veins makes me special. It puts me above the rest of the crowd. â⬠It also perpetuates ethnic prejudice: ââ¬Å"Thank God Iââ¬â¢m not Italian! I never liked Italians anyway, and now I see they arenââ¬â¢t descended from the Lost Tribes and so are only secondary players in the divine dramaââ¬âsomething I always suspected. â⬠At first glance, Armstrongââ¬â¢s argument seems to be based on a sophisticated understanding of Scripture: ââ¬Å"Armstrong provides lots of citations, and I canââ¬â¢t find fault with his argument. Itââ¬â¢s so convoluted and technical it
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